Electric charge

When maintained in a magnetic of electric field, the basic physical characteristic of matter that enables it to experience a force is known as an electric charge. An electric charge is connected with an electric field. A moving charge creates a magnetic field. The electromagnetic field is the result of the interaction of magnetic and electric fields. The interaction of the charges produces an electromagnetic force. This acts as the cornerstone of Physics.

There are two varieties of electric charges: positive and negative. They are usually carried by charge carriers protons and electrons. Subatomic particles of matter particles are examples of charges:

Protons contain positive charge
Electrons contain negative charge
Neutrons carry no charge

Definition

"Electric Charge is a characteristic of subatomic particles that make them experience a force when put in a magnetic or electric field."

Is there a vector quantity for an electric charge?

A scalar quantity is an electric charge. A vector quantity, in addition to having a magnitude and a direction, must also obey the laws of vector addition, such as the triangle law and the parallelogram law of vector addition. Only then is the quantity considered to be a vector quantity. In the case of an electric current, when two currents meet at a point, the resultant current is an algebraic sumand not he vector sum. Although having magnitude and direction, an electric current is considered to be a scalar quantity.

Measurement

The unit of electric charge is coloumb.
"One coulomb is the amount of charge transmitted in one second."
Mathematically expressed as
Q = Ixt

Q = electric charge
I = electric current
t = time

Charge qualities are the following:

Additivity
Conservation
Quantification

Electric charge is conserved in an isolated system. This indicates that the net electric charge of the system is constant. In a secluded system, the algebraic sum of the basic charges remains constant.

Types

Types of electric charges.

positive(+)
negative(-)

Charged Negative: A negative charge indicates that an item has more electrons than protons.

Charged Positive: A positive charge indicates that an item has more protons than electrons.
When there are the same amount of positive and negative charges, the negative and positive charges cancel each other out, and the item becomes neutral.

Coulomb's Theorem

We may already be aware that like charges repel one another and unlike charges attract one another. But do you know how powerful these forces are?
Coulomb's Law can be used to calculate the strength of a force between two points. The Coulomb's Law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of repulsion or attraction between two charges is directly proportional to the outcome of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
When there are the same amount of positive and negative charges, the negative and positive charges cancel each other out, and the item becomes neutral.

Fe = electric force
q1 and q2 = electric charges
k = Coulomb’s constant (8.988×109 N⋅m2/C2)
r = distance of separation

Charging Methods

Charging is the process of delivering an electric charge to an object or removing an electric charge from an object.
An uncharged item can be charged in following ways:

Friction ( triboelectric charging)
Conduction
Induction

Frictional

Charge transfer occurs when two things brush against one other. One item loses electrons, whereas the other gets electrons. When an item loses electrons, it becomes positively charged, while an object gets electrons becomes negatively charged. Both items gets charged as a result of friction. This type of charging is known as electrification by friction.

Conduction

Charging by conduction is the process of charging an uncharged object by bringing it near to a charged one. A charged conductor contains an unstable amount of protons and electrons therefore, it discharges electrons to stabilize itself when an uncharged conductor is placed in proximity.