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MATRIX: Any set of numbers or functions which are arranged in a row and column type format in order to form a rectangular array is called a matrix. Those functions or numbers are called elements of the matrix.
Matrices are used widely in different branches of mathematics. Using matrices makes our workflow easy.
Let’s look at a small example to understand a matrix. Twinkle had 5 pencils and 6 erasers, Pinku had 6 pencils and 7 erasers, and Kenny had 7 pencils and 8 erasers.
Now, we can arrange the above elements in a matrix form, i.e., in a row and column format. Let us put pencils in a row and erasers in a column; then this can be expressed as,
Therefore, the above arrangement is known as a matrix.
Every matrix has an order. It's nothing but an indication of how many rows and columns are arranged in a matrix. Let m be the number of rows and n be the number of columns, then m × n is the order of the matrix. From the above example,
The order of the matrix = 3 × 3.
A determinant is the scalar value of all the entries in a square matrix. Only square matrices have determinants. It is written as det(A) or ⏐A⏐. It is important to understand determinants because operations on deteminants are somewhat similar as compared to matrices.
For a 2 ×2 matrix, the determinant can be defined as,
det(A) = a (cb – a2) – b (b2 – ac) + c (ba – c2)
Until now, we have covered all the topics related to matrices, and hence it is easy to understand our main topic, singular matrix.
If the determinant of a square matrix is 0, then the matrix is said to be a singular matrix.
We know the inverse of a matrix (A') = adjoint(A)/A
Since ⏐A⏐of a singular matrix is 0, therefore the inverse of the matrix doesn't exist for a singular matrix.
The multiplicative inverse also doesn't exist in singular matrices.
If ⏐A⏐= 0, it is a singular matrix.
If ⏐A⏐≠ 0, it is a non – singular matrix.
The rank of a singular matrix must be less than the minimum, i.e., less than the number of rows and number of columns. Since the rows of a singular matrix are not linearly independent, therefore say if the order of the matrix A is 3 × 3,
Then the rank of A ≤ 3.
EXAMPLE: Find whether the given matrix A is singular
or not?
SOLUTION:⏐A⏐ = (4 × 2) – (1 × 8)
= 8 – 8⇒ 0
We know that if ⏐A⏐= 0, then the matrix is a singular matrix. Therefore, the given matrix is singular.
EXAMPLE: Find the inverse of
SOLUTION :⏐A⏐= 2(0 – 1) – 1 (4 – 4) +2 (1 – 0)
Hence, ⏐A⏐= 0, the inverse does not exist. Hence, the given matrix is a singular matrix.