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Which of the few chemical components best promotes our understanding of our planet and its origins, also considered which has had the most impact on human civilization?
Many elements have a huge impact on the human civilization but few of them are the highest impact which changed the way of life of humans e.g- through silver photography is possible, gold is the element that established the international trade, uranium for mass destruction, in same way iron, Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, iron has been the backbone of all industries, and without it, no oil could be produced. One of the reasons life is conceivable on our planet is its strength. Iron makes up the majority of the Earth's core. A magnetic field is created around the Earth when the solid inner core rotates and conversion currents flow through the liquid outer core. This keeps the solar wind at bay, which is a kind of ionizing radiation that is detrimental to living things. Due to the ease with which iron corrodes, the earliest human uses of the metal are difficult to trace, making ancient iron artefacts far rarer than those made of more durable metals such as gold and silver.
In the shape of iron swords, shields, and spears, iron became a deadly instrument of ancient conflict. the recognition of the industrial iron armoury's strength, a force that would go on to define contemporary international politics and warfare.
Table of contents
Electrons are filled in orbitals of an element under a set of rules based on the parameters of energy, indistinguishability, and orientation.
You may also want to learn more about electron configuration.
The atomic number of iron is 26
The atomic symbol of iron is Fe
Electronic configuration of Fe26=1s2,2s22p6,3s23p63d6,4s2
Condensed electronic configuration of Fe26=[Ar] 3d6,4s2
The atomic mass of Iron is 55.845 u.
Position in the periodic table:
Iron is a chemical element with the atomic number 26 and the symbol Fe (from Latin: Ferrum). It is a metal that belongs to the periodic table's first transition series and group 8. [Ar] 3d64s2 is its electronic configuration. Iron is a transition element.
Rusting of Iron and its prevention:
Rusting is one of the transformations that take place in iron items over time, gradually degrading them. Rusting causes enormous financial losses since iron is used to build bridges, ships, autos, truck hulls, and a number of other goods. In fact, excessive moisture concentration in the air hastens corrosion.
The rusting process may be represented by the following equation:
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2 , from the atmosphere) + water (H2O) → RUST
How to prevent iron from rusting:
Air, water or both should not come into contact with iron things. One easy approach is to apply a coat of paint or grease. These coatings should be applied on a regular basis to prevent corrosion.
A coating of chromium or zinc can also be used to coat iron. The application of a zinc coating on iron is known as galvanization. The water pipes in our homes are galvanized to keep them from rusting. Electroplating can be done on iron items to make them look more glossy (e.g., shiny) and to prevent corrosion.
Oxidation states of iron:
Iron is frequently found in oxidation states of +2 and +3. Iron (III) compounds are referred to as ferrous, whereas iron (III) complexes are referred to as ferric. Iron (II) compounds are pale green in colour, whereas iron (III) compounds are orange/brown in colour. It can also be found in compounds with a higher oxidation state of +6 such as potassium ferrate (K2FeO4).
Compounds generally exhibit colours due to excitation and deexcitation of electrons. In compounds of d block elements colours are produced for mainly 2 reasons
The energy of excitation relates to the frequency of light absorbed when an electron from a lower energy d orbital is pushed to a higher energy d orbital. This frequency is usually in the visible range. The colour seen matches the light absorbed's the complementary colour.
Configuration of Fe2+:[Ar]3d6
Color of Fe2+: Green
Configuration of Fe3+:[Ar]3d5
Color of Fe2+: Yellow
Case 1: if unpaired electrons are presents then, ion exhibits paramagnetic behaviour.
Case 2: if all electrons are fully paired then, the ion exhibits diamagnetic behaviour.
Case 3: if half-filled subshells are present, the ion exhibits ferromagnetic behaviour (d5- extreme case of paramagnetism).
Configuration of Fe2+:[Ar]3d6
Number of unpaired electrons: 4
Magnetic behaviour: Paramagnetic
A magnetic field attracts paramagnetic material only weakly.
Configuration of Fe3+:[Ar]3d5
Number of unpaired electrons: 5
Magnetic behaviour: Ferromagnetic
A magnetic field is attracted very strongly by a magnetic field.
With the help of electronic configuration we can easily find its spin magnetic moment,
n=number of unpaired electron
Example 1: Find the spin magnetic moment of Fe2+(d6 configuration)?
Answer: d6configuration :
number of unpaired electron = 4
Maximum spin multiplicity = 2|S|+1
where, S = total spin
E.g- for Fe2+(d6 configuration)
Maximum spin multiplicity = 2|S|+1 = 2|2|+1=5
Electrons having the same spin and energy present in degenerate orbitals can exchange their positions and in this exchange process, the energy is released and the released energy is termed exchange energy.
The higher the number of exchanges in a particular configuration, the stability of the configuration becomes higher.
The exchange energy is the basis for Hund's rule, which allows maximum multiplicity, that is electron pairing is possible only when all the degenerate orbitals contain one electron each.
more the number of exchange ∝ more the stability of configuration
maximum number of possible exchange
Where n is the total number of electrons having same energy and spin
r = 2 (minimum 2 electrons required for exchange)
E.g- for d5 configuration
d5 configuration:
Number of electrons having same energy and spin (n) = 5
Minimum number of electrons required for exchange = 2
maximum number of possible exchange =
maximum number of possible exchange =
Q 1. Find the spin magnetic moment of Fe3+(d5 configuration)?
Answer: (B)
d5configuration :
number of unpaired electron = 5
Q 2. Find the maximum possible exchange for Fe2+(d6 configuration)?
a. 12
b. 11
c. 10
d. 15
Answer: (C)
maximum number of possible exchange =
Where n is the total number of electrons having same energy and spin
r = 2 (minimum 2 electrons required for exchange)
E.g- for d6 configuration
d6 configuration:
Case 1: electrons having upward spin
Number of electrons having same energy and spin (n) = 5
Minimum number of electrons required for exchange = 2
maximum number of possible exchange =
maximum number of possible exchange =
Case 2: electrons having downward spin
Minimum 2 electrons are required for the exchange, so no any exchanges are possible for downward arrow electron.
So, total number of possible exchange = 10 + 0 = 10
Q 3. We know Fe2+ show green colour and Fe3+ show yellow colour, which will absorb light of highest energy
a. Fe2+
b. Fe3+
c. Both A and B
d. Can’t be predicted
Answer: (B)
We know, visible colour according to increasing wavelength: VIBGYOR
(Wavelength: Violet > Indigo > Blue > Green > Yellow > Orange > Red)
Wavelength of yellow is smaller than red means frequency of yellow is higher than red.
We know, that if any object's colour is yellow means it reflects yellow and absorbs the complementary colour of yellow.
Complementary colour wheel:
The object's visible colour is yellow means it is absorbed in the zone of violet and the object whose visible colour is green means it absorbed colour in the range of red.
The energy of violet is higher than red.
Q 4. The colour absorbed by Fe2+ ions is
a. Red zone
b. Violet zone
c. Green zone
d. Yellow zone
Answer: (A)
Solution:
We know, that if any object's colour is yellow means it reflects yellow and absorbs the complementary colour of yellow.
Complementary colour wheel:
Fe2+ visible colour is green means it absorbed colour in a range of red.
Q 1. What is steel?
Answer: Steel is an iron alloy with a few tenths of a per cent of carbon added to increase its strength. Different elements are mixed for the different desired properties.
Chromium (Cr) is mixed for corrosion resistance, heat & oxidation resistant.
Q 2. What is stainless steel?
Answer: It is a generic term used for a family of corrosion-resistant alloys which contains at least 10.5% chromium. it can also contain other elements.
Since iron and steel, are the most popular iron alloy, rust in air, corrode in acids, and scale in furnace atmospheres, they are rather poor materials from the perspective of corrosion. Despite this, there is a class of iron-base alloys called stainless steels that are resistant to rust in seawater, corrosion from strong acids, and scaling at temperatures up to 1100 °C.
Q 3. What is the other interpretation of Fe2+(aq)?
Answer: Fe2+(aq) can be written as [Fe(H2O)6]2+
Where Fe acts as a central atom
H2O- acts as ligands
Water molecules act as ligands and generally Fe2+ ions present in coordination number 6. In complex compounds, coordination numbers are treated as secondary valency and these are directional in nature.
Q 4. What is the maximum perceivable amount of iron in drinking water?
Answer: The maximum permissible amount of iron in drinking water is 2 ppm or 0.2 mg dm-3.
Permissible values of some other ions and elements in drinking water:
Lead: 50 ppb (parts per billion)
Sulphate ion: > 500 ppm.
Nitrate ion: 50 ppm
Manganese: 0.05 ppm
Aluminium: 0.2 ppm
Copper: 3 ppm
Zinc: 5 ppm
Cadmium: 0.05
Related topics:
Aufbau rule |
Electronic configuration of first 30 elements |
Concentration terms |
Hund’s rule |
Pauli exclusion principle |
Quantum numbers |