Crystal Defects Stoichiometric: Definition of Crystal Defects, Line Defect, Types of Point Defects, Stoichiometric Defects, Frankel Defect, Schottky Defect, Non-stoichiometric Defects, Practice Problems and FAQs:

Imagine a cinema is to be screened at 6pm. There are two situations. One the doors are opened sufficiently in advance for people to come in and take their seats. And the second option is to open say at around 5.50pm. Obviously, all will rush in at the same time and there will be a confusion in getting the correct allotted seats.Well, it is obvious that 10mts will not be enough to follow a perfect arrangement. You can be sure that some people will be occupying others seats.

Similarly, crystalline solids contains a large number of small crystals containing the constituent particles arranged in a perfect order. This happens when crystallisation takes place on its own, very slowly without any disturbance. In a disturbed or fast crystallisation, the constituent particles may not get sufficient time to find their right place and instead get accommodated in some others place.This wrong placement affecting a perfect orderly arrangement of a crystal is referred as crystal defect.

Table of Contents

Defects in crystalline solids
Stoichiometric Defects
Defects shown by non-ionic solids
Defects shown by ionic solids
Non-Stoichiometric Defects
Practice problems
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Definition of Defects

Any departure from a perfectly ordered arrangement of constituent particles in a crystal is called imperfection or defect.

There are two types of defects

A. Point defect
B. Line defect

Line defect

The defect is called Line defect when the deviation from the ideal arrangement occurs throughout the entire row( or in one direction/axis) of lattice points.

You can see an additional group(vertical line)of particles in the last three rows of the crystal in the shown figure.

Point defect

When deviations or irregularities exist from the ideal arrangement around a point or an atom in a crystalline substance, the defect is called point defect.

Point defects in a crystal may be classified into the following three categories

a) Stoichiometric defects
b) Impurity defects
c) Non-stoichiometric defects

Stoichiometric Defects

If imperfection in the crystals are such that the ratio between the cations and anions remains the same as represented by the molecular formula, i.e., stoichiometry of the solid is not disturbed, the defects are called stoichiometric defects.

These are also called intrinsic defects or thermodynamic defects and it is further classified into following types:

1. Defects shown by non-ionic solids
2. Defects shown by ionic solids

Defects shown by non-ionic solids

Vacancy defect	Interstitial defect
When in a crystalline substance, some of the lattice sites are vacant, the crystal is said to have vacancy defect/thermodynamic defect (as this defect arises due to absorption of heat from the surrounding).	The crystal is said to have interstitial defect when extra constituent particles are present in the interstitial sites.
It results in the decrease in the density of the substance because mass in the same volume of the crystal decreases.	This defect results in the increase in the density of the substance because mass increases but volume remains the same.
Vacancy Defect	Interstitial Defect

Defects shown by ionic solids

Schottky defect	Frenkel defect
If in an ionic crystal of the type A+B_an equal number of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites so that the electrical neutrality is maintained, it is called Schottky defect.	If an ion is missing from its lattice site but occupies an interstitial site, electrical neutrality, as well as the stoichiometry of the compound, are maintained. This type of defect is called frenkel defect.
Ionic compounds showing this type of defect have High coordination number and Only small differences in the size between cations and anions.	This type of defect is shown by ionic solids with Low coordination number.and Large difference in the size between cations and anions.
Example: NaCl, KCl, and CsCl	Examples: silver halides (AgCl.AgI and ZnS)
The mass decreases as the number of ions decreases as a result of this defect, while the volume remains constant. As a result, the solid's density decreases, similar to a vacancy defect.	The density of the solid remains constant as there are no ions missing from the crystal.
Schottky defect	Frankel Defect

AgBr shows both Frenkel and Schottky defect.

Consequences of Schottky and Frenkel defects

As an ion moves from its lattice site to occupy a hole, it creates a new hole. A hole is created in the crystal, which causes the charge to move in the opposite direction. As a result, solids with these defects conduct electricity.
Due to the presence of holes, lattice energy or stability of the crystal decreases.
Dielectric constant of the crystal increases in case of Frenkel defects because in this defect similar charges come closer.

Non-Stoichiometric Defects

These are the imperfections in the crystal leading to a difference in, the ratio of the cations to the anions than expected from an ideal pure crystal lattice. The stochiometry of these crystals are hence different from the pure crystals and so are allied non-stoichiometric defects.

Nonstoichiometric defects may arise by:

a) Metal excess
b) Metal deficiency

Practice problems

Q1. ZnS has a theoretical density of d gcm^-3. If the crystal has 4% Frenkel defect, then the actual density of ZnS should be:

A. d gcm^-3
B. 0.04d gcm^-3
C. 0.96d gcm^-3
D. 1.0 d gcm^-3

Answer: A)

Solution: The theoretical density of ZnS is d g/cm³. If the crystal has 4% Frenkel defect,

then the actual density of ZnS does not change because cations missing from

their lattice sites occupies the interstitial sites. Therefore, it should be d g/cm³

Q2. Silver bromide AgBr(s) crystals exhibit which of the following point defect and why?

1. Schottky defect
2. Frankel defect
3. Metal excess defect
4. Metal deficiency defect

A) i & ii
B) iii & iv
C) i & iii
D) ii & iv

Answer: A)

Solution: Schottky defects occur when ions are missing from their lattice point, while Frenkel defects occur when missing ions occupy interstitial sites. In the case of AgBr, both silver and bromide ions have almost similar radius with radius ratio is neither too large nor too close, So it exhibits both Frenkel and Schottky defects. The Frenkel defect is the most common defect in AgBr. It has a ccp lattice, in which Br atoms coexist with Ag atoms in all octahedral holes. When Ag transitions from octahedral to tetrahedral sites, only cations precipitate.

Q3. When a solid is heated, what kind of defect can occur? Which physical attribute is altered, and how?

Answer: When a solid is heated, the Crystal develops a vacancy defect. Because some atoms and ions completely leave the lattice site when heated, some lattice sides become vacant. The density of the substance decreases as some atoms/ions completely leave the Crystal as a result of this defect.

Q4. Which of the following is not a point defect

A. Stoichiometric defect
B. Non-stoichiometric defect
C. Impurity defect
D. None of the above.

Answer: (D)

Solution: defects in crystals have been classified into two categories

Point defect
Line defect

Point defect is further classified into 3 categories that is

Stoichiometric defect
Non-stoichiometric defect
Impurity defect

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Why is there no frankel defect in pure alkali metal halides?
Answer: Due to the large size of alkali metal ions it would be difficult to fit the ions in the interstitial sites of crystals. Hence, alkali metal halides doesn’t show frankel defect.

Q2. Why Stoichiometric defects are also called intrinsic defects?
Answer: Stoichiometric defects are so called because they do not alter the stoichiometry of the Crystal. they are called intrinsic defects because it is due to the deviation from regular arrangement of atoms or ions within the Crystal and no external substance is added.

Q3. Is it possible to make a perfect crystal i.e, with zero defects?
Answer: No it is almost impossible to make a perfect crystal. Because only at absolute zero temperature a crystal will be defectless and attending 0 K is not possible. So crystal will have some amount of defect.

Q4. What is the difference between the interstitial defect of ionic and nonionic solids?
Answer: In ionic solids, an interstitial defect also called as Frankel defect, the ions present at lattice point vacate it and move to interstitial position. In the interstitial defect non ionic solids , forgein material come and occupy the interstitial positions

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Logarithm Table

Vector And Scalar Quantities

Data Organization

PEMDAS

Secant of a Circle

Vector Space

Angle Bisector Theorem

Mutually Exclusive Events

Statistical Inference

Difference Between Area and Volume

How to Find Prime Numbers?

3D Shapes

Division of Line Segment Binary Addition Ordinate Line Graph Boolean Algebra Latus Rectum of Conic Section Differential Equation And It's Types

Involute

Similarity of Triangles

Simple Equations Application

Types of Polygon

Equation of A Circle Law of Tangents Data Sets Binary to Octal Conversion Rational Numbers on a Number Line Cross Section Construction of Triangle Circles Factors of 36 Probability Distribution Difference Between Parametric and Non-Parametric Test Number Patterns Whole Numbers Parts of Circle Square Root of 9 Parallel Lines Oblique Sketch Direct Proportion Cosine Rules Construction of Quadrilaterals Right Circular Cylinder Hexadecimal number system Remainder Theorem

Volume of a Prism

Missing Numbers

Sec 90

Derivatives

Multiple of 9

Metric System of Measurement

Parallelogram, Trapezium and Kite Cumulative Frequency Distribution Ratio to Percentage Factors of 98 Total Probability Theorem Commutative Property Basic Set Theory Difference Between Area and Surface Area Identity Function Geometric Distribution Combination Sum of Squares Factors of 25 Triangle Inequality Complement of a Set Factor of 105 Arc Categorical Data Construction of a Rhombus Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers Distance Between Two Points Estimation of Numbers Multiplication Theorem of Probability Properties of Definite Integrals Right Angle Triangle Theorem Section Formula in 3 Dimension Solids Trigonometric Equations Variance and Standard Deviation Disjoint Set Application of Linear Equations Area and Perimeter Factors of 91 Concave Polygon Factors of 42

General Equation of a Line

Factors of 100 Factors of a Number

Multiplicative Inverse

Linear Differential Equations

Inverse Cosine

Comparing Quantities using Percentage

Fractional Part Function Definition of Signum function Trigonometric Functions Ellipse Integration By Parts Sets Matrix Types of Sets Bijective Functions Algebra of Functions Composite Functions Binary Operations Domain Codomain & Range Functions Parametric Equation of a Circle Venn Diagram Tangent to a Circle Binomial Theorem L'Hospital Rule Relations Operation on Sets Particular Cases of a Circle Terms Related to an Ellipse Equality of Matrices Reflexive, Symmetric & Equivalence Relation Types of Functions Matrix Multiplication Tangents to an Ellipse Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Active Transport Adaptive radiation evolution Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Agricultural Implements Algae Alimentary Canal Anatomy Angiosperms And Gymnosperms Difference Animal Cell Apiculture Beekeeping

Apoplast

Asexual Reproduction Animals Autotrophic Nutrition Biodiversity Biotic and Abiotic

Bryophyta

Budding Camouflage Cattle Farming Animal Husbandry Cell Structure and Function Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Cells Chloroplasts Chromatin Classification of Animal Kingdom Composition of Lymph Conduction of Nerve Impulse Cyclic and Non Cyclic Cyclic Photophosphorylation Cytoplasm Structure Function Difference Between Active and Passive Transport Difference Between Archaea And Bacteria Difference Between Blood And Lymphth Difference Between Cerebellum And Cerebrum Difference Between Chromosome And Chromatid Difference Between Diffusion and Osmosis Difference Between DNA and RNA Difference Between Haploid And Diploid Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell Difference between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources Difference Between Unicellular And Multicellular Organisms Difference Between Vertebrates and Invertebrates Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles Difference Between Xylem and Phloem Different Types Ecological Pyramids Diffusion - Means of Transport Disadvantages of Dams Ecology Endemic Species Endocrine System Ductless Glands Energy Flow In Ecosystem Excretion and Its Importance Food Production

Food Web

Fragmentation

Gemmules

Gibberellins

Grassland Adaptations

Guttation

Gymnosperms

Harmful Microorganisms

Homeostasis

Human Body Anatomy

Human Heart

Invertebrates

Kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance

Life process

Light-dependent Reactions

Lipids

Living Things

Macromolecule Meiosis 1 Stages and Process Mendelian Disorders Microbodies Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Monera Nephron Function Renal Tubules Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus Our Environment Parasitism Parts of Plants Passive Transport Plant Cell Plant Kingdom Plantae Plant Respiration Plants Plastids Protista Red Data Book Reproductive System of Earthworm Ribosomes Scientific Names of Animals and Plants Seed germination Sensory Perception Snail Skeletal System Spermatogenesis Structure Of Eye Taxonomic Hierarchy Taxonomy Algae Thallophyte

Types of Soil

Vacuoles What Is Adaptation Agricultural Practices Animal Kingdom Alimentary Canal Coelenterata Conservation of Forest and Wildlife Difference between Endosmosis and Exosmosis Difference between Afforestation and Deforestation Difference between Algae and Fungi Difference between Cereals and Pulses Difference Between Fragmentation and Regeneration Difference Between Neurosis and Psychosis Difference Between Nucleotide and Nucleoside

Difference Between Sea and Ocean

Difference Between Turtles and Tortoises

Difference Between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Modes of Plant Reproduction

Ecological Pyramid and Its Types

Double Fertilization in Angiosperms

Ecosystem Enzymes

Fertilisation in Plants

Five Kingdoms Classification

Flower

Ganongs Potometer

Health and Hygiene

Herbivores and Carnivores

Heterotrophic Nutrition Human Digestive System

Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Morphology of Leaves

Modifications of Root

Phylum Aschelminthes

Diffusion

Osmosis

Prokaryotic Cells

Reproduction

Flora And Fauna

Overview of Food Chain

Difference Between Rabi And Kharif Crops

Vegetative Propagation Angiosperms Characteristics Soil Profile

Types of Pollution

Human Excretory System Sense Organs Rainwater Harvesting

Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Living And Non Living Things

The Nucleus

Irrigation

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Between Data And Information

Mitochondria

Nitrogen Cycle

Diagram of Animal Cell

Meristematic Tissue

Law of Segregation Law of Dominance

Eukaryotic Cells

Sources Animal Plant Products

Photosynthesis Respiration Ozone Layer Depletion Kingdom Fungi Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration Cell Organelles Peristalsis Bacteria Oogenesis

Leaves Morphology Types Modification

Mitosis and Meiosis

Dna Structure

How Do Organisms Reproduce

Diagram of Stomata

Monohybrid Cross Inheritance One Gene Mechanism of Breathing

Soil Erosion

Plasmolysis

Urine Formation Osmoregulation

Porifera

Flagella

Amoeba

Aerobic Respiration

Pteridophyta

Arteries And Veins Difference

Reflex Action

Stomata

Cell Wall

Diagram of Neuron

A Guide To Composition And Function Of Lymph

Difference Between Ligaments And Tendons

Insectivorous Plants

Nutrition Modes Living Organisms

Mendel Laws Of Inheritance

Nutrition In Amoeba

Calorific Value

Air Pollution Control

Fertilization In Plants

Life Processes

Binary Fission

Omnivores

Saprophytes

Asexual Reproduction

Deficiency Diseases

Light Reaction Vs Dark Reaction

Global Warming

Wildlife Sanctuary

Viviparous Oviparous Embryo Development

Glycolysis

Food Preservation Methods Food Poisoning

Crops

Biofertilizers

Biodiversity Conservation

Difference Between Endocrine And Exocrine Glands

Greenhouse Effect Gases

Diagram Of Digestive System

Crop Production And Management

Types Of Pollination

Introduction and Characteristics of Living Beings Meristematic Cells Taxonomical Aids _Flora, Manual, Monograph And Catalogues Types of leaves structure of skeletal muscle spirometry human respiratory system herbarium dinoflagellates general characters and structure of leaf halophiles and their features Exchange of Gases Simple Permanent tissue Morphology of root and its types Complex permanent tissues Regions of Root History of classification and its need Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Transport of Gases Regulation of Respiration Disorders of Respiratory System Interaction of Haemoglobin with Other Gases Amniocentesis Anatomy of flowering plants ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) Meristematic Cells Phloems Population explosion Reproductive Health RCH (Reproductive and Child Health Care) Medical termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Plant kingdom Biological Systems of Classification & Branches of Taxonomy Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Life cycle Patterns Anatomy of Roots Contraceptives Anatomy of stem Algae Bryophytes Tissues and its types STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Cell - The Basic Unit of Life & its Historical background Cell theory and its modification An Overview of Cell Secondary growth in dicot stem Tissue system and types Prokaryotic (Bacterial) cell Ribosomes Eukaryotic cell Cell: The basic unit of life Cytoskeleton Centrosome and Centriole Cilia and flagella Nucleus Chromosomes Evolution Movement and Locomotion Human Reproduction Absorption and Translocation of Solutes Soil as a reservoir of Essential Elements LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Morphology in Flowering Plants Contractile proteins Muscular System Thyroid Puberty Hormones Origin of Universe Hypothalamus Cell wall Mitochondria Special Chromosomes Microbodies Introduction, Hydroponics and the study of mineral requirements of the plants Criteria of essentiality and Categorisation of Essential elements Deficiency symptoms of essential elements and toxicity The Stem The Root Cytoplasm and cell membrane Mineral Nutrition Disorders Related To Reproductive System Phylum Ctenophora Role of Macronutrients Role of Micronutrients Phylum - Coelenterata / Cnidaria Reptilia Aves Mammalia Anatomy of the leaf Animal kingdom Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Vertebrata Chordates Disorders of circulatory system Abiotic Factors Male Reproductive System Kingdom Animalia Responses to Abiotic Factors Female Reproductive System Mammary Glands Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Cell Cancer Disorders of the Digestive System Infertility Morphology of Cockroach Blood and Plasma Alternation of Generations and Classification Predation Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Porifera Phylum Platyhelminthes Chromosomal Disorders Competition Taxonomic Aids Alternation of generation in Pteridophytes Disorders of muscular and skeletal system General Characteristics of Living Digestive Glands Stomach Testis Buccal cavity Seed Common Diseases in Humans Permanent Tissue Permanent Tissues Xylem Pteridophytes Characteristics Parasitism and Commensalism Water Pollution and Its Control Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Organism and its Environment Carbohydrates Greenhouse Effect Gases Amino Acids Dynamic State of Body Constituents Photosynthesis Chloroplast Features of Living Beings Blood Group Lipids Kingdom Protista dense connective tissue connective tissue cartilage connective tissue blood plant cell viruses the stem Connective Tissue Bone Viroids Prions Lichens Animal cell Prokaryotic Cell Taxonomic Aids Herbarium and Museum Sphygmomanometer and ECG Population Attributes Noise pollution Diaphragm Parts of a Plant Photoperiodism Poultry Farming Nucleic Acids Cell Cycle Principles of Biotechnology Antibiotics IVF Glands Kranz Anatomy Sexual Reproduction in Plants Cytokinin Plant Development Biofertilizers Photorespiration Auxin Nutrient Cycling Types of Flowers Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories Epidermal Tissue System Calyx and Corolla Ethylene Fertilization and Implantation Types of Fruits Inflorescence Types of Growth Macronutrients Family Liliaceae ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Classification of Wood Ground Tissue System Secondary Growth in Stem Plant Vascular System Electron Transport System Transpiration Difference Between Types of Cells Ovary Structure Birth Control Epithelial Tissue Endomembrane System Cell Envelopes and Cell Membrane Muscle Types Axial Skeleton Acquired Immunity Lung Volumes and Capacities Suspension and Migration Prokaryotic Cells

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Types of Solids	Crystal defects-nonstoichiometric
Electrical properties	Types of Unit Cell & Crystal Lattice
Crystal system and Bravais lattice	Magnetic properties

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