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Understanding Hybridisation of NH3: Ammonia
Geometry of Ammonia
Using the Hybridisation Formula
We can determine the hybridisation of ammonia using the simple formula:
Step-by-step calculation:
- Valence electrons of central atom (N): 5
- Monovalent atoms (H): 3
- Negative charge: 0
- Positive charge: 0
Interpretation:
3 σ bonds + 1 lone pair → 4 regions of electron density → sp³ hybridisation
Central Atom and Its Valence Electrons
Ground state and hybridised state of Nitrogen and Hydrogen
For hybridisation:
- The 2s orbital mixes with all three 2p orbitals to form four equivalent sp³ orbitals.
- One of these sp³ orbitals holds the lone pair, and the other three overlap with H 1s orbitals.
- Hence, the three p orbitals of nitrogen form 3 σ bonds with H atoms and keep 1 lone pair (2s) orbital.
Orbital overlap in NH3
Number of electron domains around nitrogen: 4 (3 bonds + 1 lone pair)
Electron domain geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular geometry: Trigonal pyramidal
The lone pair is responsible for the pyramidal shape and bond angle (~107° instead of 109.5°).
Details At A Glance
| Property | NH3 Value / Feature |
|---|---|
| Central Atom | Nitrogen (N) |
| Hybridisation | sp³ |
| Bond Formation | 3 σ bonds (N–H) |
| Lone Pairs on Central Atom | 1 |
| Electron Domain Geometry | Tetrahedral |
| Molecular Shape | Trigonal pyramidal |
| Bond Angle | ~107° |
| Polarity | Yes, a Polar molecule |
The formal charge (FC) of an atom in a molecule is given by:
Formal Charge = Valence electrons − (Non-bonding electrons + ½ Bonding electrons)
Valence electrons of nitrogen = 5
Non-bonding electrons = 2 (one lone pair)
Bonding electrons = 6 (three N–H bonds)
Half of the bonding electrons = 3
Formal Charge = 5 − (2 + 3)
Formal Charge = 0
This means nitrogen has a formal charge of 0, and the molecule is neutral overall.
Valence electrons = 1
Non-bonding electrons = 0
Bonding electrons (N–H single bond) = 2
Half of the bonding electrons = 1
Formal charge = 1 − (0 + 1)
Formal Charge = 0
Each hydrogen in ammonia has a formal charge of 0 (all three H atoms are identical).
Conclusion
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Gemmules
GibberellinsGrassland Adaptations
GuttationGymnosperms
Harmful Microorganisms
Homeostasis
Human Body Anatomy
Human HeartInvertebrates
Kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Law of Segregation and Law of DominanceLife process
Light-dependent Reactions
Lipids
Living Things
Macromolecule Meiosis 1 Stages and Process Mendelian Disorders Microbodies Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Monera Nephron Function Renal Tubules Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus Our Environment Parasitism Parts of Plants Passive Transport Plant Cell Plant Kingdom Plantae Plant Respiration Plants Plastids Protista Red Data Book Reproductive System of Earthworm Ribosomes Scientific Names of Animals and Plants Seed germination Sensory Perception Snail Skeletal System Spermatogenesis Structure Of Eye Taxonomic Hierarchy Taxonomy Algae ThallophyteTypes of Soil
Vacuoles What Is Adaptation Agricultural Practices Animal Kingdom Alimentary Canal Coelenterata Conservation of Forest and Wildlife Difference between Endosmosis and Exosmosis Difference between Afforestation and Deforestation Difference between Algae and Fungi Difference between Cereals and Pulses Difference Between Fragmentation and Regeneration Difference Between Neurosis and Psychosis Difference Between Nucleotide and NucleosideDifference Between Sea and Ocean
Difference Between Turtles and Tortoises
Difference Between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
Modes of Plant Reproduction
Ecological Pyramid and Its Types
Double Fertilization in Angiosperms
Ecosystem EnzymesFertilisation in Plants
Five Kingdoms Classification
FlowerGanongs Potometer
Health and Hygiene
Herbivores and Carnivores
Heterotrophic Nutrition Human Digestive SystemVertebrates and Invertebrates
Morphology of Leaves
Modifications of Root
Phylum AschelminthesDiffusion
Osmosis
Prokaryotic Cells
Reproduction
Flora And Fauna
Overview of Food ChainDifference Between Rabi And Kharif Crops
Vegetative Propagation Angiosperms Characteristics Soil ProfileTypes of Pollution
Human Excretory System Sense Organs Rainwater HarvestingProkaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Living And Non Living Things
The Nucleus
Irrigation
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Between Data And Information
Mitochondria
Nitrogen Cycle
Diagram of Animal Cell
Meristematic TissueLaw of Segregation Law of Dominance
Eukaryotic CellsSources Animal Plant Products
Photosynthesis Respiration Ozone Layer Depletion Kingdom Fungi Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration Cell Organelles Peristalsis Bacteria OogenesisLeaves Morphology Types Modification
Mitosis and Meiosis
Dna StructureHow Do Organisms Reproduce
Diagram of Stomata
Monohybrid Cross Inheritance One Gene Mechanism of BreathingSoil Erosion
Plasmolysis
Urine Formation Osmoregulation
Porifera
Flagella
Amoeba
Aerobic Respiration
Pteridophyta
Arteries And Veins Difference
Reflex Action
Stomata
Cell Wall
Diagram of Neuron
A Guide To Composition And Function Of Lymph
Difference Between Ligaments And Tendons
Insectivorous Plants
Nutrition Modes Living Organisms
Mendel Laws Of Inheritance
Nutrition In Amoeba
Calorific Value
Air Pollution Control
Fertilization In Plants
Life ProcessesBinary Fission
Omnivores
Saprophytes
Asexual Reproduction
Deficiency Diseases
Light Reaction Vs Dark Reaction
Global Warming
Wildlife Sanctuary
Viviparous Oviparous Embryo Development
GlycolysisFood Preservation Methods Food Poisoning
Crops
Biofertilizers
Biodiversity Conservation
Difference Between Endocrine And Exocrine Glands
Greenhouse Effect GasesDiagram Of Digestive System
Crop Production And Management
Types Of Pollination
Introduction and Characteristics of Living Beings Meristematic Cells Taxonomical Aids _Flora, Manual, Monograph And Catalogues Types of leaves structure of skeletal muscle spirometry human respiratory system herbarium dinoflagellates general characters and structure of leaf halophiles and their features Exchange of Gases Simple Permanent tissue Morphology of root and its types Complex permanent tissues Regions of Root History of classification and its need Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Transport of Gases Regulation of Respiration Disorders of Respiratory System Interaction of Haemoglobin with Other Gases Amniocentesis Anatomy of flowering plants ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) Meristematic Cells Phloems Population explosion Reproductive Health RCH (Reproductive and Child Health Care) Medical termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Plant kingdom Biological Systems of Classification & Branches of Taxonomy Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Life cycle Patterns Anatomy of Roots Contraceptives Anatomy of stem Algae Bryophytes Tissues and its types STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Cell - The Basic Unit of Life & its Historical background Cell theory and its modification An Overview of Cell Secondary growth in dicot stem Tissue system and types Prokaryotic (Bacterial) cell Ribosomes Eukaryotic cell Cell: The basic unit of life Cytoskeleton Centrosome and Centriole Cilia and flagella Nucleus Chromosomes Evolution Movement and Locomotion Human Reproduction Absorption and Translocation of Solutes Soil as a reservoir of Essential Elements LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Morphology in Flowering Plants Contractile proteins Muscular System Thyroid Puberty Hormones Origin of Universe Hypothalamus Cell wall Mitochondria Special Chromosomes Microbodies Introduction, Hydroponics and the study of mineral requirements of the plants Criteria of essentiality and Categorisation of Essential elements Deficiency symptoms of essential elements and toxicity The Stem The Root Cytoplasm and cell membrane Mineral Nutrition Disorders Related To Reproductive System Phylum Ctenophora Role of Macronutrients Role of Micronutrients Phylum - Coelenterata / Cnidaria Reptilia Aves Mammalia Anatomy of the leaf Animal kingdom Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Vertebrata Chordates Disorders of circulatory system Abiotic Factors Male Reproductive System Kingdom Animalia Responses to Abiotic Factors Female Reproductive System Mammary Glands Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Cell Cancer Disorders of the Digestive System Infertility Morphology of Cockroach Blood and Plasma Alternation of Generations and Classification Predation Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Porifera Phylum Platyhelminthes Chromosomal Disorders Competition Taxonomic Aids Alternation of generation in Pteridophytes Disorders of muscular and skeletal system General Characteristics of Living Digestive Glands Stomach Testis Buccal cavity Seed Common Diseases in Humans Permanent Tissue Permanent Tissues Xylem Pteridophytes Characteristics Parasitism and Commensalism Water Pollution and Its Control Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Organism and its Environment Carbohydrates Greenhouse Effect Gases Amino Acids Dynamic State of Body Constituents Photosynthesis Chloroplast Features of Living Beings Blood Group Lipids Kingdom Protista dense connective tissue connective tissue cartilage connective tissue blood plant cell viruses the stem Connective Tissue Bone Viroids Prions Lichens Animal cell Prokaryotic Cell Taxonomic Aids Herbarium and Museum Sphygmomanometer and ECG Population Attributes Noise pollution Diaphragm Parts of a Plant Photoperiodism Poultry Farming Nucleic Acids Cell Cycle Principles of Biotechnology Antibiotics IVF Glands Kranz Anatomy Sexual Reproduction in Plants Cytokinin Plant Development Biofertilizers Photorespiration Auxin Nutrient Cycling Types of Flowers Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories Epidermal Tissue System Calyx and Corolla Ethylene Fertilization and Implantation Types of Fruits Inflorescence Types of Growth Macronutrients Family Liliaceae ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Classification of Wood Ground Tissue System Secondary Growth in Stem Plant Vascular System Electron Transport System Transpiration Difference Between Types of Cells Ovary Structure Birth Control Epithelial Tissue Endomembrane System Cell Envelopes and Cell Membrane Muscle Types Axial Skeleton Acquired Immunity Lung Volumes and Capacities Suspension and Migration Prokaryotic Cells
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