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Linkage And Crossing Over
Ever wondered why certain traits seem to be inherited together while others appear to shuffle in new combinations? The answer lies in two important genetic processes: Linkage and Crossing Over. Learn about them in detail to know how variations occur and the same parents give birth to different offsprings.
What is Linkage?
Linkage is the tendency of genes that are located nearby on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. These genes do not assort independently, unlike those on different chromosomes.
Types of Linkage
|
Type |
Explanation |
|
Complete Linkage |
Genes are so close that they are inherited together 100% of the time. |
|
Incomplete Linkage |
Genes are close, but sometimes separated due to crossing over. |
Example: In Drosophila, the genes for body colour and wing shape show incomplete linkage.
What is Crossing Over?
Crossing over is a process where non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during Prophase I of meiosis. This leads to the formation of new gene combinations and genetic recombination. The point where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister chromatids is called a chiasmata.
Alt text: Chromatid over in chromosomes and the point of chiasmata describing overlap
Importance of Crossing Over
- Increases genetic variation.
- Helps in gene mapping (estimating the distance between genes based on recombination frequency).
- Provides physical proof for the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Difference Between Linkage and Crossing Over
|
Feature |
Linkage |
Crossing Over |
|
Definition |
Tendency of genes to stay together |
Exchange of genetic material |
|
Occurs Between |
Linked genes on the same chromosome |
Homologous chromosomes |
|
Effect |
Reduces genetic variation |
Increases genetic variation |
|
Stage of Meiosis |
Observed in the inheritance pattern |
Happens in prophase I |
Linkage Group and Gene Mapping
A linkage group includes all the genes on a single chromosome. The number of linkage groups = haploid number of chromosomes (23 in humans).
Gene mapping uses recombination frequency (from crossing over) to determine the distance between genes. One map unit or centimorgan (cM) equals 1% recombination frequency.
|
Box to Remember
|
Summing Up
Linkage and crossing over are two sides of the inheritance coin. While linkage keeps genes together, crossing over breaks this bond to create variation. Together, they explain why offspring can inherit traits in both expected and unexpected combinations. Knowing how these processes work is key to understanding chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
FAQs
Q1. Can linkage occur between genes on different chromosomes?
No, linkage only occurs between genes located on the same chromosome. Genes on various chromosomes assort independently during meiosis.
Q2. Why are linked genes not always inherited together?
If the genes are far apart on the same chromosome, crossing over may occur between them, leading to new combinations (recombinants).
Q3. What is a chiasma?
A chiasma (plural: chiasmata) is the visible point of crossing over between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
Q4. Is it possible to measure how tightly genes are linked?
Yes, using recombination frequency. Genes with a lower recombination frequency are more tightly linked. Gene maps help represent this linkage distance.
Q5. Where does crossing over happen?
Crossing over takes place during the pachytene stage of meiosis I. It occurs at specific points called chiasmata.
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Apoplast
Asexual Reproduction Animals Autotrophic Nutrition Biodiversity Biotic and AbioticBryophyta
Budding Camouflage Cattle Farming Animal Husbandry Cell Structure and Function Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Cells Chloroplasts Chromatin Classification of Animal Kingdom Composition of Lymph Conduction of Nerve Impulse Cyclic and Non Cyclic Cyclic Photophosphorylation Cytoplasm Structure Function Difference Between Active and Passive Transport Difference Between Archaea And Bacteria Difference Between Blood And Lymphth Difference Between Cerebellum And Cerebrum Difference Between Chromosome And Chromatid Difference Between Diffusion and Osmosis Difference Between DNA and RNA Difference Between Haploid And Diploid Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell Difference between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources Difference Between Unicellular And Multicellular Organisms Difference Between Vertebrates and Invertebrates Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles Difference Between Xylem and Phloem Different Types Ecological Pyramids Diffusion - Means of Transport Disadvantages of Dams Ecology Endemic Species Endocrine System Ductless Glands Energy Flow In Ecosystem Excretion and Its Importance Food ProductionFood Web
Fragmentation
Gemmules
GibberellinsGrassland Adaptations
GuttationGymnosperms
Harmful Microorganisms
Homeostasis
Human Body Anatomy
Human HeartInvertebrates
Kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Law of Segregation and Law of DominanceLife process
Light-dependent Reactions
Lipids
Living Things
Macromolecule Meiosis 1 Stages and Process Mendelian Disorders Microbodies Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Monera Nephron Function Renal Tubules Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus Our Environment Parasitism Parts of Plants Passive Transport Plant Cell Plant Kingdom Plantae Plant Respiration Plants Plastids Protista Red Data Book Reproductive System of Earthworm Ribosomes Scientific Names of Animals and Plants Seed germination Sensory Perception Snail Skeletal System Spermatogenesis Structure Of Eye Taxonomic Hierarchy Taxonomy Algae ThallophyteTypes of Soil
Vacuoles What Is Adaptation Agricultural Practices Animal Kingdom Alimentary Canal Coelenterata Conservation of Forest and Wildlife Difference between Endosmosis and Exosmosis Difference between Afforestation and Deforestation Difference between Algae and Fungi Difference between Cereals and Pulses Difference Between Fragmentation and Regeneration Difference Between Neurosis and Psychosis Difference Between Nucleotide and NucleosideDifference Between Sea and Ocean
Difference Between Turtles and Tortoises
Difference Between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
Modes of Plant Reproduction
Ecological Pyramid and Its Types
Double Fertilization in Angiosperms
Ecosystem EnzymesFertilisation in Plants
Five Kingdoms Classification
FlowerGanongs Potometer
Health and Hygiene
Herbivores and Carnivores
Heterotrophic Nutrition Human Digestive SystemVertebrates and Invertebrates
Morphology of Leaves
Modifications of Root
Phylum AschelminthesDiffusion
Osmosis
Prokaryotic Cells
Reproduction
Flora And Fauna
Overview of Food ChainDifference Between Rabi And Kharif Crops
Vegetative Propagation Angiosperms Characteristics Soil ProfileTypes of Pollution
Human Excretory System Sense Organs Rainwater HarvestingProkaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Living And Non Living Things
The Nucleus
Irrigation
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Between Data And Information
Mitochondria
Nitrogen Cycle
Diagram of Animal Cell
Meristematic TissueLaw of Segregation Law of Dominance
Eukaryotic CellsSources Animal Plant Products
Photosynthesis Respiration Ozone Layer Depletion Kingdom Fungi Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration Cell Organelles Peristalsis Bacteria OogenesisLeaves Morphology Types Modification
Mitosis and Meiosis
Dna StructureHow Do Organisms Reproduce
Diagram of Stomata
Monohybrid Cross Inheritance One Gene Mechanism of BreathingSoil Erosion
Plasmolysis
Urine Formation Osmoregulation
Porifera
Flagella
Amoeba
Aerobic Respiration
Pteridophyta
Arteries And Veins Difference
Reflex Action
Stomata
Cell Wall
Diagram of Neuron
A Guide To Composition And Function Of Lymph
Difference Between Ligaments And Tendons
Insectivorous Plants
Nutrition Modes Living Organisms
Mendel Laws Of Inheritance
Nutrition In Amoeba
Calorific Value
Air Pollution Control
Fertilization In Plants
Life ProcessesBinary Fission
Omnivores
Saprophytes
Asexual Reproduction
Deficiency Diseases
Light Reaction Vs Dark Reaction
Global Warming
Wildlife Sanctuary
Viviparous Oviparous Embryo Development
GlycolysisFood Preservation Methods Food Poisoning
Crops
Biofertilizers
Biodiversity Conservation
Difference Between Endocrine And Exocrine Glands
Greenhouse Effect GasesDiagram Of Digestive System
Crop Production And Management
Types Of Pollination
Introduction and Characteristics of Living Beings Meristematic Cells Taxonomical Aids _Flora, Manual, Monograph And Catalogues Types of leaves structure of skeletal muscle spirometry human respiratory system herbarium dinoflagellates general characters and structure of leaf halophiles and their features Exchange of Gases Simple Permanent tissue Morphology of root and its types Complex permanent tissues Regions of Root History of classification and its need Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Transport of Gases Regulation of Respiration Disorders of Respiratory System Interaction of Haemoglobin with Other Gases Amniocentesis Anatomy of flowering plants ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) Meristematic Cells Phloems Population explosion Reproductive Health RCH (Reproductive and Child Health Care) Medical termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Plant kingdom Biological Systems of Classification & Branches of Taxonomy Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Life cycle Patterns Anatomy of Roots Contraceptives Anatomy of stem Algae Bryophytes Tissues and its types STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Cell - The Basic Unit of Life & its Historical background Cell theory and its modification An Overview of Cell Secondary growth in dicot stem Tissue system and types Prokaryotic (Bacterial) cell Ribosomes Eukaryotic cell Cell: The basic unit of life Cytoskeleton Centrosome and Centriole Cilia and flagella Nucleus Chromosomes Evolution Movement and Locomotion Human Reproduction Absorption and Translocation of Solutes Soil as a reservoir of Essential Elements LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Morphology in Flowering Plants Contractile proteins Muscular System Thyroid Puberty Hormones Origin of Universe Hypothalamus Cell wall Mitochondria Special Chromosomes Microbodies Introduction, Hydroponics and the study of mineral requirements of the plants Criteria of essentiality and Categorisation of Essential elements Deficiency symptoms of essential elements and toxicity The Stem The Root Cytoplasm and cell membrane Mineral Nutrition Disorders Related To Reproductive System Phylum Ctenophora Role of Macronutrients Role of Micronutrients Phylum - Coelenterata / Cnidaria Reptilia Aves Mammalia Anatomy of the leaf Animal kingdom Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Vertebrata Chordates Disorders of circulatory system Abiotic Factors Male Reproductive System Kingdom Animalia Responses to Abiotic Factors Female Reproductive System Mammary Glands Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Cell Cancer Disorders of the Digestive System Infertility Morphology of Cockroach Blood and Plasma Alternation of Generations and Classification Predation Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Porifera Phylum Platyhelminthes Chromosomal Disorders Competition Taxonomic Aids Alternation of generation in Pteridophytes Disorders of muscular and skeletal system General Characteristics of Living Digestive Glands Stomach Testis Buccal cavity Seed Common Diseases in Humans Permanent Tissue Permanent Tissues Xylem Pteridophytes Characteristics Parasitism and Commensalism Water Pollution and Its Control Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Organism and its Environment Carbohydrates Greenhouse Effect Gases Amino Acids Dynamic State of Body Constituents Photosynthesis Chloroplast Features of Living Beings Blood Group Lipids Kingdom Protista dense connective tissue connective tissue cartilage connective tissue blood plant cell viruses the stem Connective Tissue Bone Viroids Prions Lichens Animal cell Prokaryotic Cell Taxonomic Aids Herbarium and Museum Sphygmomanometer and ECG Population Attributes Noise pollution Diaphragm Parts of a Plant Photoperiodism Poultry Farming Nucleic Acids Cell Cycle Principles of Biotechnology Antibiotics IVF Glands Kranz Anatomy Sexual Reproduction in Plants Cytokinin Plant Development Biofertilizers Photorespiration Auxin Nutrient Cycling Types of Flowers Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories Epidermal Tissue System Calyx and Corolla Ethylene Fertilization and Implantation Types of Fruits Inflorescence Types of Growth Macronutrients Family Liliaceae ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Classification of Wood Ground Tissue System Secondary Growth in Stem Plant Vascular System Electron Transport System Transpiration Difference Between Types of Cells Ovary Structure Birth Control Epithelial Tissue Endomembrane System Cell Envelopes and Cell Membrane Muscle Types Axial Skeleton Acquired Immunity Lung Volumes and Capacities Suspension and Migration Prokaryotic Cells
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