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Introduction to Lowry Bronsted Theory - Bronsted Acid and Base, Amphoteric Substances and Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Introduction to Lowry Bronsted Theory - Bronsted Acid and Base, Amphoteric Substances and Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Can you guess, NH3 a base or not ??? 

Arrhenius made the acid and base concept simple but there are some unresolved queries. See, NH3 does not contain OH-ions. Hence, according to Arrhenius, it is not a base. But we all know that NH3 is a very common base right? So, this confusion was resolved by Brönsted and Lowry who independently gave their theories for acid and base, but after some time, both theories got merged and became known as Brönsted-Lowry Concepts of Acid and Bases. It is a generalization of the Arrhenius concept. 

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Table of contents

  • Brönsted Acid
  • Brönsted Base
  • Amphoteric Substance
  • Conjugate Acid-Base pair
  • Practice Problems
  • Frequently Asked Questions-FAQ

Brönsted-Lowry concept of Acids and Bases

Brönsted Acids (Proton Donors)

Any substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion H+ (proton) is called an acid.

e.g.: HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH etc

H2SO4(aq)2H+(aq)+SO42-(aq)

Brönsted bases (Proton Acceptors)

Any substance that is capable of accepting a hydrogen ion (H+) is called a base.

e.g.: H2O, NH3, Cl- etc

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Amphoteric Substance

Any substance that is capable of accepting as well as donating a proton (H+)is called an Amphoteric substance. As per the Brönsted-Lowry concept, this species can act as both acids and bases.

For example NH3 

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Conjugate Acid-Base pair

The Acid-Base pair that differs only by one proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair. 

Consider the following general reaction:

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Conjugate acid

Species formed by the gain of a proton by the base is known as the conjugate acid of that base. For example, NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the base NH3. 

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Conjugate base

Species formed by the loss of a proton from acid is known as the conjugate base of that acid.

For example, CH3COO-is the conjugate base of the acid, CH3COOH.



Relative strength of an acid-base pair

A strong acid/base will have a weak conjugate base/acid. 

Consider the given reaction. HCl is a strong acid and has a strong tendency to donate H+. Cl- is a weak conjugate base which has less tendency to accept H+ and revert to HCl.

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A weak acid/base will have a strong conjugate base/acid. 

Consider the given reaction. As CH3COOH is a weak acid, it has less tendency to donate H+, and as CH3COO- is a strong conjugate base, it has a strong tendency to accept H+ and revert to CH3COOH.

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Therefore, for the reaction of acetic acid and water, as CH3COOH is a weak acid, CH3COO- will behave as a strong conjugate base. Also, H2O is a weak base and therefore, H3O+ behaves as a strong conjugate acid.

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Recommended Video:  Discussion on Acid-Bases, Ostwald's Dilution Law, Water, pH Scale | JEE

Practice Problems

Q 1. Conjugate bases of HF, H2SO4and HCO3- are…..

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Answer : (C)
Species formed by the loss of a proton from acid is known as the conjugate base of that acid. Conjugate bases of HF, H2SO4and HCO3- are F-, HSO4-, CO32-

Q 2. Conjugate Acid of NH2-, NH3, HCOO- are

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Answer : (A)
Species formed by the gain of a proton from a base is known as the conjugate acid of that base. Conjugate Acid of NH2-, NH3, HCOO- are NH3, NH.4+, HCOOH.

Q 3. Find the conjugate acid/base for the species: HNO2, CN-

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Answer : (D)
We can form the conjugate base of HNO2 because it can lose H+. We can form conjugate acid of CN-because it can gain H+. Hence, the conjugate acid/base for HNO2, CN- is NO2-, HCN.

Q 4. Find the conjugate acid/base for HClO4

A. ClO4-
B. ClO42-
C. ClO32-
D. H2ClO4+

Answer : (A)
We can form the conjugate base of HClO4 because it can lose H+. Hence, the conjugate acid/base for HClO4 is ClO4-.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q 1. Every bronsted acid is an Arrhenius acid but every bronsted base is not an Arrhenius base. Comment.

As per definition, Arrhenius acid and bronsted acid are those which can donate H+ions but in the case of bases, their definitions are different. Arrhenius bases are those which can donate OH-ions and bronsted bases are those which can accept H+ions. For example: NH3 is bronsted base because it can accept H+ions to give NH4+ but NH3 is not an Arrhenius base because it can not donate OH-ions.

Q 2. Why was bronsted lowry's concept supercilious than Arrhenius's theory?

Bronsted and lowry include such compounds in the category of the base which are excluded by Arrhenius. For example, Br-is not a base as per Arhhenius theory because it can not donate OH- ion. But its actual nature is basic which is defined by bronsted lowry's concept. According to this concept, Br- can accept a proton, hence is a base.

Q 3. Why does every strong acid have a weak conjugate base?

Let's take the example of strong acid HCl. Being a strong acid, HCl can easily dissociate its H+. After dissociation, the species i.e.; conjugate base Cl- become stable or weak because Cl- is not so eager to accept the H+ ions. So, it's pretty simple that Every strong acid has a weak conjugate base.

Related Topic Links

Acids, Bases and Salts

Arrhenius theory

Lewis Acid-Base Concept

Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes



 

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Difference Between Linear and Nonlinear Equations Geometric Progression Sum of GP Like Fractions Unlike Fractions Difference between Place Value and Face Value Sin 60 Degrees Singular Matrix Value of Cos 120 Antilog Table Consistent And Inconsistent Systems Cube Root of Unity Direct and Inverse Proportion Euclid Division Lemma Extrapolation Frustum of Cone Greater Than Symbol Elementary Transformation of Matrix Integration Limits and Derivatives Methods of Integration Polynomial Rational Numbers Between Two Rational Numbers Relations and Functions Relation and Its Types Right Circular Cone Sequence and Series Square Root Of 4 Square Root Of 5 Square Root Of 7 Statements in Mathematical Reasoning Trapezoids Binary Multiplication Definite Integral Square Root of 1 Value of sin 15 Continuity and Differentiability Axiomatic Definition of Probability Area Of Quadrant Rectangle Operations on Rational Numbers Pascals Triangle Acute Angled Triangle Angle of Elevation Angle Sum Property of a Triangle

Tables of 2 to 30

The volume of a Cylinder

Trapezium

Area of a Scalene Triangle Centroid of a Triangle Heptagon Octagon Permutation and Combination Scalene Triangle

Similar Triangles

Surface Area of Cube Surface Area of Cylinder Volume of Cone Volume of Cuboid Value of Log 1 Decimal Number System Conversion of Units What is Proper Fraction? Rolle's Theorem Vertical Angles Trigonometry Values Sec 0 Greatest Integer Function Mean Deviation & Frequency Distribution Concentric Circles Symmetry Variance

Laws of Exponents

Length of Tangent Alternative Hypothesis Control Charts Straight Angle LCM Of Two Numbers Bivariate Analysis Surds Square Root of 10 Cos 90 Value Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers

Decimal to Binary

Difference Between Square & Rhombus Symmetric Matrix Relation Between Inch and cm Sin 45 Value Divisibility Rules For 13 Profit and Loss Percentage Linear Pair Of Angles Line Segment Rational and Irrational Numbers Euclid Geometry Sec 30 Complimentary and Suplementary Angles Square root and Cube Root LCM Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Vertices, Faces and Edges Quadrilateral Angle Sum Property

Geometry Symbols

Isosceles Triangle

Numbers in Words

Angle Between Two Planes

Complex Numbers

Addition and Subtraction of Integers

Natural Numbers and Whole Numbers

Is 91 a Prime Number?

Difference Between Cube and Cuboid

Distributive Property

Difference Between Rhombus and Parallelogram

Skip Counting

Trigonometry Functions of Sum and Difference of Angles

Logarithm Table

Vector And Scalar Quantities

Data Organization

PEMDAS

Secant of a Circle

Vector Space

Angle Bisector Theorem

Mutually Exclusive Events

Statistical Inference

Difference Between Area and Volume

How to Find Prime Numbers?

3D Shapes

Division of Line Segment Binary Addition Ordinate Line Graph Boolean Algebra Latus Rectum of Conic Section Differential Equation And It's Types

Involute

Similarity of Triangles

Simple Equations Application

Types of Polygon

Equation of A Circle Law of Tangents Data Sets Binary to Octal Conversion Rational Numbers on a Number Line Cross Section Construction of Triangle Circles Factors of 36 Probability Distribution Difference Between Parametric and Non-Parametric Test Number Patterns Whole Numbers Parts of Circle Square Root of 9 Parallel Lines Oblique Sketch Direct Proportion Cosine Rules Construction of Quadrilaterals Right Circular Cylinder Hexadecimal number system Remainder Theorem

Volume of a Prism

Missing Numbers

Sec 90

Derivatives

Multiple of 9

Metric System of Measurement

Parallelogram, Trapezium and Kite Cumulative Frequency Distribution Ratio to Percentage Factors of 98 Total Probability Theorem Commutative Property Basic Set Theory Difference Between Area and Surface Area Identity Function Geometric Distribution Combination Sum of Squares Factors of 25 Triangle Inequality Complement of a Set Factor of 105 Arc Categorical Data Construction of a Rhombus Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers Distance Between Two Points Estimation of Numbers Multiplication Theorem of Probability Properties of Definite Integrals Right Angle Triangle Theorem Section Formula in 3 Dimension Solids Trigonometric Equations Variance and Standard Deviation Disjoint Set Application of Linear Equations Area and Perimeter Factors of 91 Concave Polygon Factors of 42

General Equation of a Line

Factors of 100 Factors of a Number

Multiplicative Inverse

Linear Differential Equations

Inverse Cosine

Comparing Quantities using Percentage

Fractional Part Function Definition of Signum function Trigonometric Functions Ellipse Integration By Parts Sets Matrix Types of Sets Bijective Functions Algebra of Functions Composite Functions Binary Operations Domain Codomain & Range Functions Parametric Equation of a Circle Venn Diagram Tangent to a Circle Binomial Theorem L'Hospital Rule Relations Operation on Sets Particular Cases of a Circle Terms Related to an Ellipse Equality of Matrices Reflexive, Symmetric & Equivalence Relation Types of Functions Matrix Multiplication Tangents to an Ellipse Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Active Transport Adaptive radiation evolution Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Agricultural Implements Algae Alimentary Canal Anatomy Angiosperms And Gymnosperms Difference Animal Cell Apiculture Beekeeping

Apoplast

Asexual Reproduction Animals Autotrophic Nutrition Biodiversity Biotic and Abiotic

Bryophyta

Budding Camouflage Cattle Farming Animal Husbandry Cell Structure and Function Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Cells Chloroplasts Chromatin Classification of Animal Kingdom Composition of Lymph Conduction of Nerve Impulse Cyclic and Non Cyclic Cyclic Photophosphorylation Cytoplasm Structure Function Difference Between Active and Passive Transport Difference Between Archaea And Bacteria Difference Between Blood And Lymphth Difference Between Cerebellum And Cerebrum Difference Between Chromosome And Chromatid Difference Between Diffusion and Osmosis Difference Between DNA and RNA Difference Between Haploid And Diploid Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell Difference between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources Difference Between Unicellular And Multicellular Organisms Difference Between Vertebrates and Invertebrates Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles Difference Between Xylem and Phloem Different Types Ecological Pyramids Diffusion - Means of Transport Disadvantages of Dams Ecology Endemic Species Endocrine System Ductless Glands Energy Flow In Ecosystem Excretion and Its Importance Food Production

Food Web

Fragmentation

Gemmules

Gibberellins

Grassland Adaptations

Guttation

Gymnosperms

Harmful Microorganisms

Homeostasis

Human Body Anatomy

Human Heart

Invertebrates

Kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance

Life process

Light-dependent Reactions

Lipids

Living Things

Macromolecule Meiosis 1 Stages and Process Mendelian Disorders Microbodies Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Monera Nephron Function Renal Tubules Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus Our Environment Parasitism Parts of Plants Passive Transport Plant Cell Plant Kingdom Plantae Plant Respiration Plants Plastids Protista Red Data Book Reproductive System of Earthworm Ribosomes Scientific Names of Animals and Plants Seed germination Sensory Perception Snail Skeletal System Spermatogenesis Structure Of Eye Taxonomic Hierarchy Taxonomy Algae Thallophyte

Types of Soil

Vacuoles What Is Adaptation Agricultural Practices Animal Kingdom Alimentary Canal Coelenterata Conservation of Forest and Wildlife Difference between Endosmosis and Exosmosis Difference between Afforestation and Deforestation Difference between Algae and Fungi Difference between Cereals and Pulses Difference Between Fragmentation and Regeneration Difference Between Neurosis and Psychosis Difference Between Nucleotide and Nucleoside

Difference Between Sea and Ocean

Difference Between Turtles and Tortoises

Difference Between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Modes of Plant Reproduction

Ecological Pyramid and Its Types

Double Fertilization in Angiosperms

Ecosystem Enzymes

Fertilisation in Plants

Five Kingdoms Classification

Flower

Ganongs Potometer

Health and Hygiene

Herbivores and Carnivores

Heterotrophic Nutrition Human Digestive System

Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Morphology of Leaves

Modifications of Root

Phylum Aschelminthes

Diffusion

Osmosis

Prokaryotic Cells

Reproduction

Flora And Fauna

Overview of Food Chain

Difference Between Rabi And Kharif Crops

Vegetative Propagation Angiosperms Characteristics Soil Profile

Types of Pollution

Human Excretory System Sense Organs Rainwater Harvesting

Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Living And Non Living Things

The Nucleus

Irrigation

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Between Data And Information

Mitochondria

Nitrogen Cycle

Diagram of Animal Cell

Meristematic Tissue

Law of Segregation Law of Dominance

Eukaryotic Cells

Sources Animal Plant Products

Photosynthesis Respiration Ozone Layer Depletion Kingdom Fungi Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration Cell Organelles Peristalsis Bacteria Oogenesis

Leaves Morphology Types Modification

Mitosis and Meiosis

Dna Structure

How Do Organisms Reproduce

Diagram of Stomata

Monohybrid Cross Inheritance One Gene Mechanism of Breathing

Soil Erosion

Plasmolysis

Urine Formation Osmoregulation

Porifera

Flagella

Amoeba

Aerobic Respiration

Pteridophyta

Arteries And Veins Difference

Reflex Action

Stomata

Cell Wall

Diagram of Neuron

A Guide To Composition And Function Of Lymph

Difference Between Ligaments And Tendons

Insectivorous Plants

Nutrition Modes Living Organisms

Mendel Laws Of Inheritance

Nutrition In Amoeba

Calorific Value

Air Pollution Control

Fertilization In Plants

Life Processes

Binary Fission

Omnivores

Saprophytes

Asexual Reproduction

Deficiency Diseases

Light Reaction Vs Dark Reaction

Global Warming

Wildlife Sanctuary

Viviparous Oviparous Embryo Development

Glycolysis

Food Preservation Methods Food Poisoning

Crops

Biofertilizers

Biodiversity Conservation

Difference Between Endocrine And Exocrine Glands

Greenhouse Effect Gases

Diagram Of Digestive System

Crop Production And Management

Types Of Pollination

Introduction and Characteristics of Living Beings Meristematic Cells Taxonomical Aids _Flora, Manual, Monograph And Catalogues Types of leaves structure of skeletal muscle spirometry human respiratory system herbarium dinoflagellates general characters and structure of leaf halophiles and their features Exchange of Gases Simple Permanent tissue Morphology of root and its types Complex permanent tissues Regions of Root History of classification and its need Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Transport of Gases Regulation of Respiration Disorders of Respiratory System Interaction of Haemoglobin with Other Gases Amniocentesis Anatomy of flowering plants ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) Meristematic Cells Phloems Population explosion Reproductive Health RCH (Reproductive and Child Health Care) Medical termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Plant kingdom Biological Systems of Classification & Branches of Taxonomy Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Life cycle Patterns Anatomy of Roots Contraceptives Anatomy of stem Algae Bryophytes Tissues and its types STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Cell - The Basic Unit of Life & its Historical background Cell theory and its modification An Overview of Cell Secondary growth in dicot stem Tissue system and types Prokaryotic (Bacterial) cell Ribosomes Eukaryotic cell Cell: The basic unit of life Cytoskeleton Centrosome and Centriole Cilia and flagella Nucleus Chromosomes Evolution Movement and Locomotion Human Reproduction Absorption and Translocation of Solutes Soil as a reservoir of Essential Elements LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Morphology in Flowering Plants Contractile proteins Muscular System Thyroid Puberty Hormones Origin of Universe Hypothalamus Cell wall Mitochondria Special Chromosomes Microbodies Introduction, Hydroponics and the study of mineral requirements of the plants Criteria of essentiality and Categorisation of Essential elements Deficiency symptoms of essential elements and toxicity The Stem The Root Cytoplasm and cell membrane Mineral Nutrition Disorders Related To Reproductive System Phylum Ctenophora Role of Macronutrients Role of Micronutrients Phylum - Coelenterata / Cnidaria Reptilia Aves Mammalia Anatomy of the leaf Animal kingdom Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Vertebrata Chordates Disorders of circulatory system Abiotic Factors Male Reproductive System Kingdom Animalia Responses to Abiotic Factors Female Reproductive System Mammary Glands Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Cell Cancer Disorders of the Digestive System Infertility Morphology of Cockroach Blood and Plasma Alternation of Generations and Classification Predation Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Porifera Phylum Platyhelminthes Chromosomal Disorders Competition Taxonomic Aids Alternation of generation in Pteridophytes Disorders of muscular and skeletal system General Characteristics of Living Digestive Glands Stomach Testis Buccal cavity Seed Common Diseases in Humans Permanent Tissue Permanent Tissues Xylem Pteridophytes Characteristics Parasitism and Commensalism Water Pollution and Its Control Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Organism and its Environment Carbohydrates Greenhouse Effect Gases Amino Acids Dynamic State of Body Constituents Photosynthesis Chloroplast Features of Living Beings Blood Group  Lipids Kingdom Protista dense connective tissue connective tissue cartilage connective tissue blood plant cell viruses the stem Connective Tissue Bone Viroids Prions Lichens Animal cell Prokaryotic Cell Taxonomic Aids Herbarium and Museum Sphygmomanometer and ECG Population Attributes Noise pollution Diaphragm Parts of a Plant Photoperiodism Poultry Farming Nucleic Acids Cell Cycle Principles of Biotechnology Antibiotics IVF Glands Kranz Anatomy Sexual Reproduction in Plants Cytokinin Plant Development Biofertilizers Photorespiration Auxin Nutrient Cycling Types of Flowers Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories Epidermal Tissue System Calyx and Corolla Ethylene Fertilization and Implantation Types of Fruits Inflorescence Types of Growth Macronutrients Family Liliaceae ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Classification of Wood Ground Tissue System Secondary Growth in Stem Plant Vascular System Electron Transport System Transpiration Difference Between Types of Cells Ovary Structure Birth Control Epithelial Tissue Endomembrane System Cell Envelopes and Cell Membrane Muscle Types Axial Skeleton Acquired Immunity Lung Volumes and Capacities Suspension and Migration Prokaryotic Cells
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