NEET Biology Syllabus 2026 (Class 11 & 12) – Chapter Wise Topics & Weightage

Chapter Name

Topics Covered

Diversity in Living World

(Diversity in Living Organisms)

- What is living?

- Biodiversity

- Need for classification

- Taxonomy & Systematics

- Concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy

- Binomial nomenclature

- Five kingdom classification

- Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi

- Lichens, Viruses, and Viroids

- Classification of plants: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (3–5 features, 2 examples each)

- Classification of animals: Non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (3–5 features, 2 examples each)

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

- Morphology and modifications

- Plant tissues

- Anatomy and functions of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence (cymose & racemose), flower, fruit, and seed

- Study of plant families: Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Gramineae

- Animal tissues

- Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, reproductive) of frog (brief account only)

Cell Structure and Function

- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life

- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

- Plant and animal cell structure

- Cell envelope, membrane, and wall

- Cell organelles: ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies

- Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles

- Nucleus: membrane, chromatin, nucleolus

- Biomolecules: structure & function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

- Enzymes: types, properties, mechanism, classification, and nomenclature

- Cell division: cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, significance

Plant Physiology

- Photosynthesis: process, site, pigments, phases, cyclic & non-cyclic photophosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis, photorespiration, C3 & C4 pathways, factors affecting photosynthesis

- Respiration: exchange of gases, glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle, ETS, ATP generation, amphibolic pathways, respiratory quotient

- Plant growth & development: seed germination, phases of growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, developmental sequence, plant growth regulators (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA)

Human Physiology

- Breathing & Respiration: human respiratory system, mechanism, gas exchange & transport, regulation, volumes, and disorders (Asthma, Emphysema, etc.)

- Body Fluids & Circulation: blood composition, groups, coagulation, lymph, human heart & vessels, cardiac cycle, output, ECG, regulation, disorders (Hypertension, CAD, etc.)

- Excretory Products & Elimination: human excretory system, urine formation, osmoregulation, kidney regulation (RAAS, ADH, ANF), disorders (Uraemia, Renal failure, etc.)

- Locomotion & Movement: types of movement, muscle structure, contraction, skeletal system, joints, disorders (Arthritis, Osteoporosis, etc.)

- Neural Control & Coordination: neuron, nerve impulse, human nervous system (CNS, PNS, ANS)

- Chemical Coordination & Regulation: endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads), hormone action, disorders (Dwarfism, Goitre, Diabetes, Addison’s disease, etc.)

Chapter Name

Topics Covered

Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination – types, agencies, and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen–Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post-fertilization events – Development of endosperm and embryo, seed, and fruit formation; Special modes – apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization and embryo development up to blastocyst formation; Implantation, pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, and lactation (Elementary idea).

Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health; Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); Birth control – need and methods; Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea).

Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and Variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, and polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination (humans, birds, honeybee); Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance (Haemophilia, Colour blindness); Mendelian disorders (Thalassemia); Chromosomal disorders (Down’s, Turner’s, Klinefelter’s).

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Genetic material (DNA and RNA); DNA packaging, replication, transcription, genetic code, and translation; Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon; Genome and Human Genome Project; DNA fingerprinting; Protein biosynthesis.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution; Modern synthetic theory; Mechanism of evolution – variation, mutation, recombination, and natural selection; Gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation; Human evolution.

Biology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens and parasites causing human diseases – Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, Amoebiasis, Ringworm, Dengue, Chikungunya; Concepts of immunology, vaccines; Cancer, HIV & AIDS; Adolescence, drug, tobacco, and alcohol abuse.

Microbes in Human Welfare: Use in household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, biocontrol agents, and biofertilizers.

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Principles and Processes: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Applications: Human insulin and vaccine production; Gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms (Bt crops); Transgenic animals; Biosafety issues, biopiracy, and patents.

Ecology and Environment

Organisms and Environment: Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes – growth, birth/death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystem: Patterns, components, productivity, decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy.

Biodiversity and Conservation: Concept, patterns, importance, loss, conservation methods; Hotspots; Endangered organisms and extinction; Red Data Book; Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, and sacred groves.

Biodiversity

Chordates

Cell Wall

Taxonomy

Morphology in Flowering Plants

Cell Organelles

Biological Systems of Classification Branches of Taxonomy

Morphology of Root and Its Types

Endomembrane System

Taxonomic Aids

Morphology in Flowering Plants

Nuclear Membrane

Scientific Names of Plants and Animals

Chapter Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Chromosome and Chromatids

Monera

Anatomy of Roots

Chromatin

Kingdom Monera

Anatomy of Stem

Nucleolus

Protista

Cell Organelles

Contractile Proteins

Kingdom Fungi

Cell the Basic Unit of Life

Diffusion Means of Transport Biology

Habitat of Fungi

What Is a Cell

Guttation

Algae and Fungi

An Overview of Cell

Passive Transport

Reproduction in Fungi

Cell Structure and Function

Introduction Hydroponics and the Study of Mineral Requirements of the Plants

Viruses

Cell Theory and Its Modification

Photosynthesis

Pteridophytes

Cell

Respiration

Pteridophytes Alternation of Generations

Prokaryotic Cell

Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration

Algae

Eukaryotic Cell

Seed Germination

Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae

Plants

Alimentary Canal

Bryophytes

Cell Envelopes and Cell Membrane Invagination

Internal Anatomy Alimentary Canal

Gymnosperms

Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane

Human Digestive System

Difference Between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

Peristalsis

Disorders of Respiratory System

Regulation of Respiration

Movement and Locomotion

Chapter Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Blood and Plasma

Cilia and Flagella

Human Respiratory System

Human Heart

Endocrine System Ductless Gland