{"id":146672,"date":"2022-04-20T17:00:27","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T11:30:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/?p=146672"},"modified":"2023-03-27T23:10:41","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T17:40:41","slug":"biodiversity-revision-notes-for-cbse-12th-biology-term-2-exam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/biodiversity-revision-notes-for-cbse-12th-biology-term-2-exam\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity revision notes for CBSE 12th Biology Term 2 Exam 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you ever noticed the diversity around you? What role do they play in the biosphere? And what is their importance? Our biosphere is full of diversities. The variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria are responsible for making our natural world. Each species and organisms work together in ecosystems to maintain the balance and support life. Biodiversity supports everything in nature that you need to survive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the CBSE marking scheme of the Class 12 Term 2 Biology board exam, Unit- Ecology and Environment consists of 12 marks in total. Students can gain this perfect score as this unit is the easiest to revise in a short time compared to others. In this article, let us have a quick revision on the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodiversity and Conservation <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chapter for Class 12 Term 2 board exam preparations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Biodiversity<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All the different kinds of life you can find in one area are known as Biodiversity. There are various types of diversities in nature. They are a precious wealth of nature that needs to be conserved. In recent centuries, due to human activities, we have lost millions of species, and many species reached the level of extinction. And it takes millions of years to accumulate this rich diversity in nature. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve them.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Types of Biodiversity<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term &#8216;biodiversity&#8217; was popularised by the socio-biologist Edward Wilson. Some important biodiversities are-<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Genetic Diversity<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A single species might show high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range. For example, the genetic variation of the medicinal plant <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rauwolfia vomitoria.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Species Diversity<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the diversity at the species level. For example, the Western Ghats or the Eastern Ghats in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Ecological Diversity<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the diversity at the ecosystem level. For example- deserts, rainforests, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Number of Species on Earth And in India<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are more than 1.5 million plants and animal species recorded globally. Nearly 45,000 plants and more than twice as many animals are recorded in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than 70% of all species recorded are animals, while 30% are plant species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of fungi species recorded in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world. It has only 2.4% of the world&#8217;s land area and 8.1% of the global species biodiversity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pattern of Biodiversities<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So far from the records, Biodiversity has shown two types of patterns:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Latitudinal gradients<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plants and animals are unevenly distributed throughout the world. This distribution pattern is along the latitudinal gradient in diversity in the world. The species diversity is more in tropical regions than in temperate or polar areas. It is because tropical regions have a long evolutionary time for species diversification, various seasonal environments, and the availability of more solar energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Species &#8211; Area relationships<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexander Von Humboldt observed that species richness gets increased within a region when an explored area is increased, but only up to a limit. A straight line was obtained when the relationship between species richness and area was drawn using a logarithmic scale. And the equation is written as<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">log S = log C + Z log A<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where S= species<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A= Area<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z= slope of the line<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C= Y-intercept<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Importance of Species Diversity To The Ecosystem<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of species directly affects the ecosystem of that area. More the species, the more stable the area is compared to those with fewer species. A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year. It is considered that rich biodiversity is essential for ecosystem health and imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet. It is observed that the plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass, and increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Loss of Biodiversity<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presence of various species on the Earth is a precious biological wealth. And human activities are the biggest reason for the continuous loss of this wealth. Loss of biodiversity in a region leads to a decline in plant production, an increase in drought, flood, environmental problems, and increased water use, disease, productivity, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The IUCN Red List (2004) documents enlist the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates, and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Some examples of recent extinctions include the dodo (Mauritius), quagga (Africa), thylacine (Australia), Steller&#8217;s Sea Cow (Russia), and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of the tiger. in the last 20 years, 27 species have been disappeared.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Need For Conserving Biodiversity<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are many reasons for conserving biodiversity, and broadly they are classified under three categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Narrowly Utilitarian<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humans obtain countless direct economic benefits from nature like food, firewood, fibres, construction material, medicinal plants, and industrial products. And more such resources result in enormous benefits.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Broadly Utilitarian<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodiversity plays a major role in the ecosystem services that nature provides. Production of oxygen by trees, pollination of flowers leads to the growth of trees, and delight in using nature&#8217;s benefits are priceless treasures.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Ethical<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ethical argument for conserving biodiversity relates to what we owe to millions of plant, animal, and microbe species with whom we share this planet. Our moral duty is to care for this treasure and pass on our biological legacy in good order to future generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Ways To Conserve Biodiversity<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We can conserve biodiversity in two ways-<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> In-situ ( on-site) conservation<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protecting biodiversity at all levels by conserving and protecting the whole ecosystem is called in situ conservation. In this conservation process, species are conserved and protected in their natural habitat. Biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, hotspots, wild forests, etc., are included under In-situ conservation. There are 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world. India has 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks, and 448 wildlife sanctuaries.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Ex-situ (off-site) conservation<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process in which endangered and threatened animals are saved by taking urgent measures is called Ex-situ conservation. In this method, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special settings where they are protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens, wildlife safari, aquariums, gene banks, etc., are included under Ex-situ conservation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a serious issue that we are losing our biological wealth at a rate visible to naked eyes. If this continues for a long time, then one day, our future generation will not be able to see this beauty of nature on our Earth. And we will be responsible for this.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We hope that this article can help all Biology students of Class 12 with a quick revision on the Biodiversity topic. You can take help from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/ncert-solutions\/class-12\/biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Solutions for the Class 12 Biology<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> book for more information.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever noticed the diversity around you? What role do they play in the biosphere? And what is their importance? Our biosphere is full of diversities. The variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria are responsible for making our natural world. Each species and organisms work together in ecosystems to maintain [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":135624,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3581],"tags":[1793,2801,2648,2126],"class_list":["post-146672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse","tag-cbse-board-exams","tag-cbse-class-12-biology","tag-cbse-class-12-term-2","tag-cbse-term-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biodiversity revision notes for CBSE 12th Biology Term 2 Exam 2022<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preparing for CBSE Class 12 term 2 exams? 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