{"id":136933,"date":"2022-04-09T12:30:46","date_gmt":"2022-04-09T07:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/?p=136933"},"modified":"2023-05-02T13:00:06","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T07:30:06","slug":"thyroid-gland-and-its-functions-revision-notes-for-neet-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/thyroid-gland-and-its-functions-revision-notes-for-neet-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"Thyroid gland and its functions: Revision notes for NEET 2023 Biology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/one-year-all-india-aakash-test-series-aiats-neet-2023-class-xii-passed?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_Aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=AIATS_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242-v2.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland present in our neck. Its primary function is the production and secretion of thyroid hormones, which are indispensable for the body&#8217;s normal functioning. Their deficiency or excess leads to the development of a variety of medical conditions, affecting almost all the organs of the body. The thyroid cells are unique as they can take up iodine from the blood and then convert it into thyroid hormone in several steps. Also, it is interesting to know that the thyroid gland is the body&#8217;s largest endocrine gland.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/neet-booster-test-series-2023?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=Neet_Booster_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you want to learn the concepts from our subject experts, then find<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Aakash Coaching Institute Near You<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and get the solutions to your queries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Location of the thyroid gland<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be precise, the thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the middle of the neck, on the ventrolateral side of the trachea. It is a bi-lobed gland; that is, it contains two lobes connected by a non-glandular flap of connective tissue called the isthmus.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Structure of the thyroid gland<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland is filled with a loose connective tissue called the stroma. This stroma contains numerous cuboidal cells that exist in groups called thyroid follicles. The function of the thyroid follicles is to synthesize thyroid hormones. Once produced, the thyroid hormone lies surrounded by the follicular cells inside the thyroid gland. This thyroid hormone is stored here for 90 days until our body needs it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apart from the follicular cells, the stroma contains some other cells, which are called C cells. The C cells are found in the interstitial tissue between the follicles. Their function is to release calcitonin, which is responsible for maintaining calcium levels in our bodies. For more details, refer to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/ncert-solutions\/class-11\/biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Formation of the thyroid hormones<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland synthesizes two types of thyroid hormones- T3 and T4. This happens in several steps as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through active transport, the thyroid gland takes up all the iodine present in our blood vessels. The cuboidal follicular cells of the thyroid gland store this iodine and release a protein called thyroglobulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thyroglobulin is filled inside the cavity of follicular cells. Being a protein, this thyroglobulin is mainly made up of a specific amino acid called tyrosine. This tyrosine binds with iodine to give rise to thyroid hormones. Therefore, tyrosine is the precursor amino acid for the formation of thyroid hormone. This point is very important for NEET-UG 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0If one molecule of iodine binds with tyrosine, it&#8217;s called monoiodotyrosine, and if two molecules of iodine combine with tyrosine, the end product is called di-iodotyrosine. If one mono-iodotyrosine and one di-iodotyrosine are combined, the result is the formation of triiodothyronine. This triiodothyronine is our thyroid hormone or T3 or thyroid hormone. If two di-iodotyrosines combine, the result is the formation of tetraiodothyronine. In this way, T3 and T4 are formed. More details regarding NEET 2022 are given here <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/ncert-solutions\/class-12\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Solutions for Class 12<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The remaining thyroglobulin gets digested, and only the iodinated tyrosines remain.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland produces predominantly thyroxine (T4) -80% and only a small amount of T3 -20%. However, T3 is four times more effective than the T4 hormone.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Negative feedback mechanism of the thyroid hormones<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When T3 and T4 (mainly T3) increase in the blood, a negative signal is given to the pituitary and hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is activated to decrease the production of TSH. Also, the hypothalamus is activated, stopping the secretion of TRH. This is the negative feedback mechanism caused by T3. This negative feedback mechanism helps maintain the levels of T3 and T4 in the body.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Functions of the thyroid gland\/ thyroid hormones<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland maintains the body&#8217;s basal metabolic rate (BMR). The basal metabolic rate indicates the rate of oxygen consumption by the body. Oxygen is used up in our body to produce ATP. So increased ATP is produced in our body because of the thyroid gland. This phenomenon is called the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All the cells of our body have a Na- K pump, which helps to extrude 3 Na+ out of the cell and take up 2 K+ inside the cell with the energy derived from the breakdown of ATP. Whenever ATP breaks down, energy in the form of heat is released. Thyroid hormones increase the functioning of Na K pumps, leading to increased ATP breakdown and increased production of heat. This phenomenon is called the thermogenic effect of the thyroid hormone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid hormone is important for the body&#8217;s physical, mental, and reproductive growth. GH only causes physical growth. Deficiency of thyroid hormone can lead to stunted growth in children and irregular menstruation (hampered reproductive growth) in females. To support this growth, the thyroid hormone facilitates the formation of proteins or proteolysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The thyroid hormones cause glycogen to break down in the liver and convert it into glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis. Also, they cause the breakdown of lipids (lipolysis) and the conversion of these lipids into glucose. This process is called gluconeogenesis. Therefore, the thyroid gland affects the metabolism of proteins, fats, and lipids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland increases erythropoiesis or RBC production in the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland maintains water and electrolyte balance in the body.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland regulates the menstrual cycle in females.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Disorders of the thyroid gland<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland disorders are more common in females than in males.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deficiency of thyroid hormone: Deficiency of thyroid hormone leads to various medical conditions such as myxoedema, cretinism and goitre.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Myxoedema: As discussed earlier, the thyroid hormone is important for the body&#8217;s physical, mental, and reproductive growth. Therefore, decreased production of thyroid hormone in myxoedema presents features like:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impaired sexual development<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infertility<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absent or under-developed secondary sexual characters<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amenorrhea or stopped menstruation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cretinism: &#8220;Cretin&#8221; means &#8220;idiot&#8221; or someone with a low IQ level. A baby growing inside a hypothyroid mother doesn&#8217;t receive an adequate amount of thyroid hormone from its pregnant mother. As a result, such a baby&#8217;s physical, mental, and sexual growth is not sufficiently mature. Such a condition is called cretinism. Following are the features of a baby with cretinism:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low IQ or intelligence<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deaf and dumb<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stunted growth<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coarse and abnormal skin<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Goitre: It is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simple goitre: is also called a colloid goitre. Due to iodine deficiency in the diet, the formation of thyroid hormone is decreased. To compensate for this decreased function, the thyroid gland swells up. This condition frequently occurs in people living in mountainous regions. As it&#8217;s endemic to people living near the mountains, it is called endemic goitre.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Deficiency of the thyroid gland leads to obesity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excess thyroid hormone: Excessive thyroid hormone in the body can lead to medical conditions such as Grave&#8217;s disease\/ Myasthenia Gravis, Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis, and exophthalmic goitre.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis: It is an autoimmune disorder. Normally, the hypothalamus releases TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), whose function is to activate TSH release from the pituitary gland. To carry this out, the thyroid gland has certain receptors on its surface called thyroid receptors. When TSH released from the pituitary gland activates these thyroid receptors, the thyroid hormones- T3 and T4 are formed. Once the level of T3 and T4 rises high enough in the body, they inhibit the formation of more T3 and T4, which is called a negative feedback mechanism. However, in the case of Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis, certain antibodies are present in the body which mimic the action of TSH. So when these autoantibodies combine with the TSH receptor, T3 and T4 formation occur, but the negative feedback mechanism fails to activate when their level increases. This causes T3 and T4 to increase to a hazardous level, leading to the formation of an array of symptoms like:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased weight loss\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protruding eyeballs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased activation of the adrenaline gland\/ increased formation of adrenal hormone: which causes symptoms like fight or flight reaction, increased sweating, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Fun facts about the thyroid gland<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland of our body that stores its secretions for around 90-100 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thyroid cells are the only cells of our body specialized in taking up iodine and converting it into hormones. Check <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/web-stories\/do-or-die-chapters-for-neet-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEET 2022 Important Chapters<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Such questions are important from the point of view of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/neet-exam-pattern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEET 2022 Exam Pattern<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/neet-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEET UG 2022.<\/a> The topic of the thyroid gland is very important in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/neet-syllabus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEET 2022 Syllabus<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We now know that the thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that is very important for the normal functioning of our bodies. It is under the strict control of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. It secretes two types of hormones- T3 or tri-iodothyronine, T4, or thyroid. The release of thyroid hormones in our body needs to be regulated. Both their excess and deficiency lead to the appearance of symptoms and cause various complications in our body.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-faq-schema-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-faq-schema-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>1. What is the thyroid gland?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped organ located at the centre of the neck, on the ventrolateral side of the trachea. Its main function is to produce thyroid hormones- T3 and T4, which are very important for maintaining basal metabolic rate, RBC production, and fluid and electrolyte production. Thyroid hormones are also indispensable for the body\u2019s physical, mental, and reproductive growth.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>2. What are the four functions of the thyroid gland?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The four functions of the thyroid gland are:<\/p>\n<p>1. The thyroid gland maintains the basal metabolic rate of the body. It does so by increasing the formation and breakdown of ATP and, in the process, also releases energy in the form of heat.<br \/>\n2. The thyroid gland helps in the body\u2019s physical, mental, and reproductive growth. Its deficiency leads to stunted growth and low intelligence in children.<br \/>\n3. The thyroid hormone maintains water and electrolyte balance in the body.<br \/>\n4. It maintains erythropoiesis or RBC production in the body.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>3. What are the disorders of the thyroid gland?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As thyroid hormones are important for growth, their deficiency leads to the development of medical conditions like myxoedema, cretinism and goitre. As discussed earlier, thyroid hormone is important for physical, mental, and reproductive growth of the body; therefore, decreased thyroid hormone or myxoedema manifests as:<\/p>\n<p>1. Impaired sexual development<br \/>\n2. Infertility<br \/>\n3. Absent or under-developed secondary sexual characters<br \/>\n4. Amenorrhea or stopped menstruation<br \/>\nExcess thyroid hormone also leads to disorders like Grave\u2019s disease, Myasthenia Gravis and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Check these links for more information about biology Concepts, Important Concepts.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>4. Why is the thyroid gland unique?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The thyroid gland is unique because:<br \/>\n1. It is the only gland in our body with specialized cells capable of absorbing iodine and converting it into hormones.<br \/>\n2. The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretions for around 90-100 days.<br \/>\n3. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body.<br \/>\n4. The thyroid gland causes both the formation and breakdown of ATP through its thermogenic and calorigenic effects.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland present in our neck. Its primary function is the production and secretion of thyroid hormones, which are indispensable for the body&#8217;s normal functioning. Their deficiency or excess leads to the development of a variety of medical conditions, affecting almost all the organs of the body. The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3716],"tags":[875,1065,2556,2020,2643],"class_list":["post-136933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-neet","tag-aakash-medical","tag-biology","tag-medical","tag-neet-2022","tag-neet-2022-biology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Thyroid gland and its functions: Revision notes for NEET 2022 Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read the article to know in detail about the Biology chapter Thyroid gland and its functions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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