{"id":120908,"date":"2022-03-16T14:35:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-16T09:05:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/?p=120908"},"modified":"2023-05-02T13:55:54","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T08:25:54","slug":"how-do-you-introduce-plant-kingdom-while-preparing-for-neet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/how-do-you-introduce-plant-kingdom-while-preparing-for-neet\/","title":{"rendered":"How do you introduce plant kingdom while preparing for NEET 2023?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/one-year-all-india-aakash-test-series-aiats-neet-2023-class-xii-passed?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_Aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=AIATS_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242-v2.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unquestionably, the diversification of organisms on the face of the earth is the most beautiful display of the power of nature. The first step humanity took to understand this beauty was with the tool of science. The systematic classification of the organisms has led us to comprehend the vividness of their differences and similarities. This classification has been the foundation for the growth of other biological sciences. The great North American ecologist Robert Harding Whittaker made the most crucial step in this direction. He divided the organisms into five primary kingdoms &#8211; Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants are the strongest and deepest link between humans and earth. Here and there, we observe plants have benefited humans in all parts of life. From the basic needs of food, oxygen, shelter, and clothing to the advanced energy requirements via fossil fuel, plants help us everywhere. Hence, it becomes imperative to undertake a detailed study into the Kingdom Plantae. Let us glance at some of the characteristic features of plants below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>You can also read this blog to know more about plants.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/neet-booster-test-series-2023?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=Neet_Booster_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>What makes the Kingdom Plantae so special?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The foremost point is that these are non-locomotive beings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They possess a green pigment called chlorophyll that helps them create their food. Hence, plants are autotrophs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their mode of reproduction is asexually by vegetative propagation or sexually.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants are multicellular eukaryotes. They possess a rigid outer cell wall and a large central vacuole.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, they have distinct organelles for different functions like anchoring, reproducing, support and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/process-of-photosynthesis-and-how-it-is-significant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photosynthesis.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to further classify <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/plant-kingdom-plantae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plant Kingdom Plantae<\/a>?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plant kingdom is pretty vast. This has led to the need for a further subdivision of plants. For this very purpose, here is the list of factors used in their segregation.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Plant Body:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The physical structure is a great differentiating point. Revolving around on the presence or lack of body parts like root, stem and leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vascular System:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The fluid transportation system of a plant is a highly significant factor. Plants are divided because they have a well-defined system like phloem and xylem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Seed Formation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Further, plants also differ in their method of procreation. Whether they have flowers and seeds and are the seeds naked or protected inside a fruit are strong factors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What are the main categories of plants?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Considering the factors mentioned above and features, the plants are subdivided into five subgroups as follows;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thallophyta<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bryophyta<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/pteridophytes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pteridophyta<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gymnosperms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/angiosperms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angiosperms<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Thallophyta<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thallophyta is polyphyletic, i.e. they have more than one common evolutionary ancestor. They have a very simple and primitive body build thallus and can be filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched. Their common examples include algae, fungus, lichens, bacteria etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Defining Features of Thallophyta<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thallophytes lack true roots and vascular tissue needed to transport water and minerals. Hence they are mostly found in moist and wet places.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The majority of their members can generate their food and are autotrophic. However, certain members like fungi are dependent on other sources of food.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After photosynthesis, the produced glucose is immediately consumed. Any leftover part is converted and stored in the complex compounds called starch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A cell wall made up of cellulose surrounds its cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They do not have vascular tissues like phloem and xylem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the sex organs are simple and single-celled, there is no embryo formation after fertilisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thallophyta is further separated into Algae and Fungi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/algae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Algae<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Algae are simple, chlorophyll bearing autotrophic, thalloid and largely aquatic organisms. Their reproduction method is vegetatively by fragmentation and sexually by gametes formation that can show isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy. Algae are organized into Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. They are likewise seen to develop symbiotic relations with sloths native to rainforests of South America and Central America. The moisture-retaining fur affords a nourishing environment for the algae to thrive, and in return, the Algae presents the sloth with nutrients and camouflage from predators.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Fungi<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fungus is a heterotrophic thallophyta, which is also achlorophyllous, i.e. unable to produce chlorophyll. For obtaining their food, fungi often take the help of symbiosis with other algae and cyanobacteria. In return, the fungi provide them with shelter against the sun&#8217;s harmful UV rays. A great example of this is Lichen, where the fungi and algae act together as a single unit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Bryophyta<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their lack of vascular tissues primarily characterises bryophytes. Since they can originate in land and aquatic environments, they have been termed amphibians of the plant kingdom. Bryophytes are believed to have developed from charophytes and thus considered as the first true plants ever developed. Their common examples include Mosses, Marchantia, Liverworts and Hornworts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Defining Features of Bryophytes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They have crude stems and leaves. Although lacking true roots, they have rhizoids for anchoring to the surface.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike the true roots, rhizoids are incapable of absorbing nutrients.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mosses tend to release spores from their leaves that travel via water and create new mosses in new places.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is a necessity for them to grow and spread. In the case of the arid region, they can survive by suspended animation and then revive again when brought in contact with water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bryophytes are the same as other embryophytes with the alternation of generations. Haploid gametophyte cells have a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes. This gives rise to a diploid sporophyte that contains twice the number of paired chromosomes. Diploid zygotes are formed by combining haploid sperm and eggs produced by gametophytes. Diploid zygotes grow into a sporophyte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pteridophyta<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially, before plants had developed flowers, fern-like plants were found everywhere for hundreds of millions of years. Pteridophytes are quite similar to these types of plants. The striking distinction between Pteridophytes and other plants is that they reproduce through spores instead of seeds.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Division of Pteridophyta<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pteridophyta is classified into four main classes:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Psilopsida<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are the most primitive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stems are photosynthetic and dichotomously branched.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhizoids are present.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leaves are mostly absent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sporophyte is a homosporous synangium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include Psilotum and Tmesipteris.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Lycopsida<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are commonly known as club moss.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They possess a differentiated plant body with adventitious roots, stem, rhizophores and leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include Selaginella and Lycopodium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Sphenopsida<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are mostly known as horsetails.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They possess a distinctive plant body with roots arising from nodes of the underground rhizome, stem and scaly leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Homosporous, sporangia are borne on strobili.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include Equisetum.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Pteropsida<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are very commonly known as a fern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They own a well-defined plant body with roots, stem and leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antherozoids are multiflagellate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include Pteris, Dryopteris, and Adiantum<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Defining Features of Pteridophyta<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most people speculate that life originated in the oceans. Pteridophytes are believed to be the first plants to have evolved and adapted to live in the lab.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pteridophytes do not have seeds. They reproduce via spores. Although they possess vascular tissues, they lack xylem vessels and phloem companion cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They have a very well defined structure of their body that consists of root, stem and leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pteridophytes have sporangium, which is the structure where spores are created. They are homosporous and heterosporous, i.e. capable of making one or two kinds of spores.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sporangia are created in groups of sporophylls, which are nothing but the leaves that bear the sporangia. The leaf&#8217;s tips curl inwards to protect the vulnerable growing parts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They possess multicellular sex organs. Male organs are called antheridia, whereas female ones are termed as archegonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">True alternation of generations is seen here. Sporophyte and gametophyte generations are visible in Pteridophytes. The diploid sporophyte is the main plant body.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pteridophytes show alternation of generations with a similar life cycle as seed-bearing plants. Differing from mosses and seed plants, both the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations are independent and free-living. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes is further classified as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dioicous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the individual gametophyte is either male-producing antheridia and sperm or female-producing archegonia and egg cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Monoecious:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> every individual gametophyte may produce both antheridia and archegonia, and it can function both as a male and a female.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protandrous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the antheridia mature before the archegonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protogynous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: the archegonia mature before the antheridia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Gymnosperms<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gymnosperms have a distinguishing plant body complete with vascular structure and bearing seeds. Their name is derived from the Greek words gymno, meaning naked and spermatic as seeds, which are not protected within a fruit. Their examples include evergreen woody trees like pines, deodar, redwood etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Defining Features of Gymnosperms<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gymnosperms have undergone vast evolution and display some selective features such as lack of flowers and naked open seeds. Since they do not produce flowers, hence fruits are also absent here.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The wind is the primary source of their self-pollination and dispersal of seeds. Usually, they are medium to tall, with a few shrub classes also available. Sequoia, a kind of gymnosperm, is one of the biggest and tallest tree species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They possess well defined and distinctive body parts. The leaves are needle-like in structure with thick cuticles and sunken stomata commonly seen in conifers for saving up on water loss during transpiration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The root system is primarily taproot type, which in certain plants are associated with fungi to form mycorrhiza, for example, in Pinus. In the case of extra species like Cycas plants, they have specialised roots called coralloid related to nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Additionally, they are vascular with the presence of both xylem and phloem.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/difference-between-gymnosperms-and-angiosperms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Difference between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Angiosperms<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angiosperms have received their name from the Greek words angio, meaning confined, and sperma, meaning seed. Similar to gymnosperms, they have seeds and a well-distinguished plant body; however, the seeds, in this case, are enclosed inside fruits. These are flowering plants, and the seeds produced from embryonic leaves are called cotyledons. Examples consist of the mango tree and pomegranate plant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every angiosperm plant includes a vascular bundle equipped with xylem and phloem to transport water, minerals and nutrients. A well-defined body structure with a root system, shoot and leaves. Remarkably characteristic features are the flowers where male and female gametes mature where, after pollination, these flowers turn into fruits containing the seeds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angiosperms have a wide variety in their habitats and sizes. They encompass the tiny Wolfie to the large Australian mountain ash tree of 100 metres in height. Several plants are tall woody trees, shrubs and likewise herbaceous plants and develop further adaptations to their roots, stems and leaves, depending on their habitat requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Division of Angiosperms<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on the types of cotyledon existing, angiosperms are classified into two classes &#8211; monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The dicotyledonous angiosperms have two cotyledons in their seeds, and the monocotyledonous angiosperms contain one cotyledon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Monocotyledonous Plants<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The monocots contain adventitious roots, simple leaves with similar venation, and trimerous flowers. Vascular bundles are present in a larger quantity and closed. Examples include bamboos, bananas, sugarcane plants, cereals, lilies, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Dicotyledonous Plants<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dicotyledonous plants have two cotyledons with a taproot arrangement with a reticulate venation in leaves. Flowers are either tetramerous or pentamerous. Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring between two and six in number. Examples include Grapes, sunflowers, Tomatoes, Dandelions, and Potatoes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Secondary Division of Plants &#8211; Cryptogams and Phanerogams<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants are also categorised as cryptogams and phanerogams upon their seed development capability.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptogams are those plants that do not possess a well developed or visible reproductive system and procreate via spores as they don&#8217;t create seeds. Thallophytes, Bryophytes, and the Pteridophytes fall into this category.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phanerogams are plants with a well-developed and visible reproductive system and are capable of producing seeds. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have their place in the group phanerogams.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unquestionably, the diversification of organisms on the face of the earth is the most beautiful display of the power of nature. The first step humanity took to understand this beauty was with the tool of science. The systematic classification of the organisms has led us to comprehend the vividness of their differences and similarities. This [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":120915,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3716],"tags":[2020,45,16,2382],"class_list":["post-120908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neet","tag-neet-2022","tag-neet-exam","tag-neet-preparation","tag-neet-ug-2022"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Plant Kingdom Notes for NEET: Important Topics on Plant Kingdom while preparing for NEET Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Plant Kingdom Important Notes: To know about the plant kingdom and it&#039;s four types for neet biology, important topics of plant kingdom, notes for neet preparation on aakash.ac.in\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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