{"id":120308,"date":"2022-03-15T15:00:42","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T09:30:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/?p=120308"},"modified":"2024-05-21T13:10:52","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T07:40:52","slug":"notes-on-morphology-of-flowering-plants-for-neet-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/blog\/notes-on-morphology-of-flowering-plants-for-neet-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"Notes on Morphology of Flowering Plants for NEET 2022 Biology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/one-year-all-india-aakash-test-series-aiats-neet-2023-class-xii-passed?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_Aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=AIATS_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242-v2.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evolution has given the world unbelievable variations that have fascinated scientists forever. Organisms are capable of displaying the most vivid structural diversity. To study and understand the process behind this development, one needs to consider both the similarities and differences. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/morphology-in-flowering-plantshttps:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/morphology-in-flowering-plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Morphology<\/a> is the branch of science that deals with the study of the organisms&#8217; structure, characteristics, and forms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The chapter Morphology of flowering plants is an important concept while preparing for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/neet-biology-syllabushttps:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/neet-biology-syllabus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEET 2022 Biology<\/a>.<\/h2>\n<p><b>Importance of morphology<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assigns a fixed contour to the body type.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obtain information about homology and analogy of organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determine structural data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recognise and classify organisms based on external morphology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Form a basis for the division of organisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Observe changes induced by environmental factors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Study the offensive and defensive organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dlp.aakash.ac.in\/medical\/neet-booster-test-series-2023?utm_source=seobanner&amp;utm_medium=DLP_aakashweb&amp;utm_campaign=Neet_Booster_blogcontent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/d20x1nptavktw0.cloudfront.net\/wordpress_media\/2023\/02\/750x242.jpg\" width=\"750\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants have been a part of human life since the beginning of life. They have provided us with food, oxygen, shelter, resources, and many other things. The flower-bearing plants, known scientifically as angiosperms, have been integral to our culture. They are believed to have evolved from gymnosperms during the Triassic period, with the first flowering plant having emerged about 140 million years ago. Flowering plants have the most variety in their 300,000 known species.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let us gain a deeper insight into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/ncert-solutions\/class-11\/biology\/chapter-5-morphology-of-flowering-plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">morphology of flowering plants<\/a>.<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Roots<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The underground parts of the vascular plants are termed roots. The primary function of the roots is to obtain the essential minerals, nutrients, and water from the soil. Also, they serve as an anchor for the plant. Although not every plant has its roots underground, some also have them above the ground, known as aerial roots. They also serve the same purpose by fixing the plants to nearby structures like walls, rocks, trellises, etc. Some plants with aerial roots are Bansai, Banyan Tree, and Mangroves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Kinds of Roots<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Taproot System:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They develop from the radical of germinating seed along with the primary roots and branches. Majorly they are found in the dicotyledonous plants. Some examples include mustard seed, mangoes, grams, and banyan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Fibrous root system:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This root system develops from primary or thin and moderately branching roots growing from the stem. Normally they don&#8217;t penetrate deeply into the soil. This gives them a mat or carpet-like appearance on reaching full maturity. Such root systems are mainly observed in fens and monocotyledonous plants. Some examples include wheat, paddy, grass, carrots, and onions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Adventitious root System:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Roots originate from any part of the plant body apart from the radicle. This root system serves various purposes like mechanical support and vegetative propagation. Monocotyledonous plants are seen to have this root system. Some examples include the banyan tree, maize, oak tree, and horsetails.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Functions<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roots are responsible for performing some of the essential functions needed for the survival of plants.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Anchoring:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They help attach the plant to the ground and help keep them erect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Absorption:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They act as the supplier of water and dissolved minerals from the soil needed for important processes like photosynthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Storage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Extra food is converted to starch and stored in the roots. Some examples include carrots, radish, and beetroot.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reproduction:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They also function as a means of reproduction in certain plants, termed vegetative propagation. New plants arise from creeping horizontal stems called runners (stolons). Some examples include jasmine and grass.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ecological Function:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They benefit the environment by preventing soil erosion and giving sustenance and habitat to other organisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also See: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/chapter-anatomy-of-flowering-plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anatomy of Flowering Plants\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Regions<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Root Cap<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region of Maturation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region of Elongation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Modifications<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Storage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Taproots in carrot and turnip, and adventitious roots in sweet potato change for food storage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prop roots arise from the branches in the case of the banyan tree. Stilt root also comes out of lower stem nodes in the case of sugarcane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aeration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pneumatophores in mangroves aid them in respiration in swampy areas. In the case of Rhizophora, the roots grow above the ground to help in this.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nitrogen fixation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Root nodules of the leguminous plants help fix the free nitrogen present in the air.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Shoot System<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stems are the ascending part of the plant axis that bears branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and is responsible for transporting waters and minerals. It is developed from the plumule of the embryo or germinating seeds. They stay above the ground and are green in youth and later turn brown and woody with age.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Characteristics<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Develops from the plumule and epicotyl of the embryo<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stands erect and grow away from the soil towards the light<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terminal bud at the apex of the stem<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In angiosperms, the shoot is differentiated into nodes and internodes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young stems are green and photosynthetic<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presence of multicellular hair<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stem and branches of mature plants bear fruits and flowers<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Modification<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Underground Stem:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Helps plants sustain and grow in unfavorable conditions<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rhizome:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Runs parallel to the ground and has nodes, internodes, and buds. Examples include ginger and banana.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tubers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Swollen end part like in potato<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Corm: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grows vertically below the ground like in colocasia<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bulb: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced stem protected by scaly leaves. Examples include garlic and onions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stem Tendrils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coiled structure for supporting tender stems of the plant and helping in climbing. Examples include grapes, cucumber, and pumpkin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Thorn: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To protect against grazing animals, the axillary bud is modified into pointed thorns. Examples include Bougainvillaea and citrus.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Sub Aerial Weak Stem<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Offsets:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rosette of leaves from the decrease in internodes of lateral branches. Examples include Eichhornia and Pistia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suckers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Lateral branches arise from the underground portion of the stem. Examples include Chrysanthemum, Banana, and Pineapple.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Runners:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Stem runs horizontally above the ground, and roots arise at nodes. Examples include grasses and strawberries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stolon:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Lateral branches arise normally but then bend down and touch the soil where the root grows, and the new daughter plant appear like in the case of mint<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerial modification: The stem is completely metamorphosed for various adaptations, e.g. Phylloclade of xerophytes plants. The stem becomes fleshy and green, having photosynthetic pigments to prepare food as leaves are reduced to thorns to check water loss by transpiration, e.g. Euphorbia, Opuntia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Leaves<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/types-of-leaves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leaves<\/a> are a laterally borne structure and are normally flattened. The main parts of the leaf are the leaf base, petiole, and lamina. They contain a green pigment known as chlorophyll that helps in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/photosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photosynthesis<\/a>. They also have tiny pores or openings called stomata, where they exchange gas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Characteristics<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arises from the node<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exogenous in origin<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bud at its axis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited growth<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No apical bud<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Venation<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reticulate:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> An irregularly distributed network of veins found in dicotyledons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Parallel:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Parallel network of veins found in monocotyledons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Types<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Simple:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Complete lamina and incision does not reach the midrib<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Compound:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Incision touches midrib and divides the leaf into several leaflets<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pinnately compound:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Leaflets are present on the common axis known as midrib, called the rachis. Example: Neem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Palmately compound:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Leaflets are attached at the petiole tip. Example: silk cotton.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Phyllotaxy<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pattern of arrangement of leaves around the stem.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Alternate type:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Single leaf present at each node. Examples include Hibiscus and Brassica<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Opposite type:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Each node bears a pair of leaves. Examples include Psidium guajava and Calotropis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whorled type:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> More than two leaves arise at the node to form a whorl. Example: Alstonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Modifications<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tendrils:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To support climbers, the leaves modify to form a long thread-like structure. Example: peas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Spine:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> For reduced water loss in xerophytic plants. Examples include cactus and aloe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Storage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Changes for the accommodation of extra food. Examples include garlic and onion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Phyllodes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Petiole modified to form a leaf-like structure and function. Example: Acacia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pitcher:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the pitcher plant, the leaf modifies to trap insects.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Photosynthesis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transpiration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guttation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defence<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Inflorescence<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flower arrangement around the floral axis.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Racemose:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Flowers are arranged laterally in acropetal succession, i.e. older flowers at the bottom and the younger ones at the top. The main axis grows indefinitely. Examples include raceme, spike, umbel, capitulum, corymb, catkin, and spadix.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cymose:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Flowers are arranged in a basipetal order, i.e. older flowers are at the top, and new flowers are at the bottom. The main axis has limited growth that terminates in flowers. Examples include monochasial cyme and dichasial cyme.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Special types of inflorescence<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Verticillaster:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sessile flowers arranged in a dichasial cyme. Examples include Ocimum and Salvia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cyathium:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Involucre of bracts form cup shape structure, single female flower is surrounded by numerous male flowers. Example: Euphorbia<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hypanthium:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> both male and female flowers are present in a cavity with an apical opening called the ostiole. Example: Fig.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/flower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Flowers<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plant. It has four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. These are attached to the swollen terminal of the pedicel called the thalamus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Symmetry<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Actinomorphic:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Radially symmetrical. Examples include chili, datura, and mustard.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zygomorphic:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Flower can be divided into two equal parts in only one vertical plane. Examples include Cassia and pea.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flowers can be trimerous, tetramerous, or pentamerous depending on the multiple floral appendages present 3, 4, or 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the presence or absence of bracts (reduced leaf present at the pedicel base), flowers are classified into Bracteate or Ebracteate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Parts of a Flower<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Calyx:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A flower&#8217;s outermost whorl is made up of leaf-like structures called sepals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gamosepalous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sepals united<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Polysepalous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sepals free<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Corolla:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Made up of bright colored petals and present after sepals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gamopetalous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Petals united<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Polypetalous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 Petals free<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Aestivation<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrangement of sepals and petals.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valvate: sepals or petals touch each other and don&#8217;t overlap in a whorl. Example: Calotropis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twisted: sepal or petal overlaps the next sepal or petal, and the same continues in a whorl. Examples include cotton, China rose, and lady&#8217;s finger.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imbricate: margins of sepal and petals overlap each other randomly and not in one direction. Examples include Gulmohar and Cassia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vexillary: the largest petal overlaps two petals (wings) present laterally on both sides, and that overlaps the two anterior petals (keel) in the same way, also called papilionaceous. Examples include beans and peas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Placentation<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A specific arrangement of ovules in the ovary.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Marginal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Axile:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Lemon and china rose<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Parietal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Argemone and mustard<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Free central:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Primrose and Dianthus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Basal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Marigold and sunflower<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also See: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/morphology-of-root-and-its-typeshttps:\/\/www.aakash.ac.in\/important-concepts\/biology\/morphology-of-root-and-its-types\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Morphology of Roots and its Types<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Functions<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproduction<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Production of diaspores without fertilization<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of gametophytes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attracts insects and birds for transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ovary develops into fruit that contains the seed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Fruit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fruits are developed from a ripe ovary that contains seeds. They are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and fibers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Parts<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pericarp:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wall of the ovary that forms the wall of fruits. It can be fleshy or dry. It is further divided into three layers:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Epicarp:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Outermost layer that forms the peel<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mesocarp:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Middle layer, fleshy, edible portion of the fruits<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Endocarp:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Innermost layer, the rough inner portion where the seed is accommodated<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Seed<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Ovule develops into a seed after fertilization and has a seed coat and an embryo. The embryo comprises a radicle, embryonal axis, and one or two cotyledons in monocotyledons (maize, wheat) and dicotyledons (pea, gram).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions on Morphology of Plants<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-faq-schema-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-faq-schema-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>1. What are the three kinds of root systems?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are three kinds of root systems: Taproot system, Fibrous root system, and adventitious root system.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>2. What are the types of venation seen in plants?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are two types of venation seen in plant leaves \u2013 Reticulate and Parallel.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>3. What is the inflorescence, and what are its kinds?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers around the floral axis. The two main types are Racemose and Cymose. There are also three special types of inflorescence known as Verticillaster, Cyathium, and Hypanthodium.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>4. How do flowers help the plants?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Flowers have many functionalities like reproduction, diaspores production without fertilization, gametophytes development, pollination, and fruit development.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>5. How many types of pericarp exist?<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The pericarp is the ovary wall that transforms into the wall of fruits. It is of three types \u2013 epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, read this blog to gather some common problems students face while preparing for the NEET exam.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Evolution has given the world unbelievable variations that have fascinated scientists forever. Organisms are capable of displaying the most vivid structural diversity. To study and understand the process behind this development, one needs to consider both the similarities and differences. Morphology is the branch of science that deals with the study of the organisms&#8217; structure, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":120340,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3716],"tags":[58,2020,1464],"class_list":["post-120308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neet","tag-neet","tag-neet-2022","tag-neet-biology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Notes on Morphology of Flowering Plants for NEET 2022 Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Morphology of Flowering Plants: Morphology is the branch of science that deals with the study of the organisms&#039; structure, characteristics, and forms\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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