Magnetic Properties of Solids: Class 12 Chemistry Notes

By Team Aakash Byju's

Magnetic properties of solids, also known as ‘magnetism’, arise from the magnetic dipole moment in solids.

[{"selector":"#anim-bb4a004d-1aad-4344-a532-9f5ef826d5bd","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-105.97827%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a80a4b79-63cb-45b8-a948-75a6eb1a4b92","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-631d65b8-314b-4511-b2bf-2c88caec5d07","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.15)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}]

In magnetic materials, the spinning of electrons in its axis and orbital motion around the nucleus of the atom is the cause of the magnetic dipole moment.

[{"selector":"#anim-bfc7a807-d7fe-4a7f-936f-b2e3757dc9da","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-106.1308%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-2dfcd6cc-beb6-4bec-b3dd-e8ca4921a4e2","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-3ce5cbdb-65cd-461f-a45d-cb7b0b4ecf8d","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.15)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}]

Click Here To Attend Free Trail Class

[{"selector":"#anim-88059d12-6096-4e61-aa83-ee7881a0ce62","keyframes":[{"offset":0,"transform":"translate3d(0, -707.778%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(.5, 0, 1, 1)"},{"offset":0.29,"transform":"translate3d(0, 0%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(0, 0, .5, 1)"},{"offset":0.45,"transform":"translate3d(0, -199.0271736%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(.5, 0, 1, 1)"},{"offset":0.61,"transform":"translate3d(0, 0%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(0, 0, .5, 1)"},{"offset":0.71,"transform":"translate3d(0, -67.6635768%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(.5, 0, 1, 1)"},{"offset":0.8,"transform":"translate3d(0, 0%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(0, 0, .5, 1)"},{"offset":0.85,"transform":"translate3d(0, -25.409230200000003%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(.5, 0, 1, 1)"},{"offset":0.92,"transform":"translate3d(0, 0%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(0, 0, .5, 1)"},{"offset":0.96,"transform":"translate3d(0, -11.0413368%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(.5, 0, 1, 1)"},{"offset":1,"transform":"translate3d(0, 0%, 0)","easing":"cubic-bezier(0, 0, .5, 1)"}],"delay":0,"duration":1300,"fill":"both"}] Download Aakash App

So, magnetism is observed because of the magnetic fields created by electrons’ magnetic moment.

[{"selector":"#anim-ae637287-41e0-46ae-b04f-655baffd8861","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(-111.12759%, 0px, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f4789d10-fe38-4a29-a718-20ec086ebd35","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f78984d0-30ba-4c78-b268-03828557380d","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.15)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.4, 0.4, 0.0, 1)","fill":"forwards"}]

Let us discuss some main properties of magnets:

[{"selector":"#anim-1b8f07a4-dca5-4e6d-b37b-e488752c5dae","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-83884ac1-fac3-4529-8e36-b3ec212b2bd2","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

It is the property in which the substances are weakly repelled by the external magnetic field. Ex. NaCl

[{"selector":"#anim-11ff7b71-a8dd-4ea2-97a8-c77ad58d747d","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4adad802-1d0c-4e86-8ca7-855209c7b50a","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e2fb582d-3a99-409b-9853-0393b3b39d2e","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-42193b76-ff95-46ea-9085-ed0626bbf7c1","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

It is a permanent magnetic property exhibited by a substance even in the absence of a magnetic field. Ex. Fe (iron)

[{"selector":"#anim-c7742fe0-9d9f-4e35-9760-d9835fa64faf","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-7d3d776d-e474-4295-87cf-78b4fdd564f6","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4e2aa832-098f-4d09-bd1c-4df873784411","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-91fb93fc-3eeb-4c8a-9415-5c163cce4dfd","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

It is the property in which the substances are weakly affected by the external magnetic field. Ex. O₂.

[{"selector":"#anim-528e1c5b-6b74-4cfb-b551-6006e8191007","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-718a9298-a16c-4930-9dbe-a866c7b9c52d","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-fa62e35c-3b31-4364-a539-14220a312d43","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-6a87c7bc-caa3-48d9-af36-e12f7be2c628","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

It is the property of a substance where the net magnetic moment upon the substance is zero. Ex. MnO

[{"selector":"#anim-98070c15-1162-474f-9472-1606cd1f659c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f149185e-99e0-457a-8752-d22c8ec7327e","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-80c2b69a-2223-4334-aea3-c046be9a2002","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-af816194-cd41-4bd7-9488-27d45a6975f2","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

These substances are expected to possess paramagnetism or ferromagnetism on the basis of magnetic moments of the domains.

[{"selector":"#anim-301be951-da45-47f7-9b91-4349ed340d10","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b3abd55c-76fc-41f6-af98-72c0acf6c0c0","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

It is the property of substances that possess large magnetism on the basis of magnetic moments of domains but have a small magnetic moment. Eg. Fe₃C₄.

[{"selector":"#anim-b95f0bb2-b658-49de-bd93-abb7085c8f0c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-86bfcaca-c291-4a18-a5d7-49bf9f63c506","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e71b3852-d166-4ee9-875f-0046d0bf783d","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a2e4d98f-8efc-4e5e-ae03-0fb979126da4","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

There is also a special property known as ‘Curie temperature’. It is the temperature above which substances lose their paramagnetic nature.

[{"selector":"#anim-084fad55-9a89-4182-9c08-ec9b54b66564","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-500ca805-923e-4021-ac31-9fde77797eb0","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

Aren’t these properties amazing? Share these notes with your friends.

[{"selector":"#anim-060674e8-1ee5-41b7-84ab-1d20a932bf8e","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b46c1c4d-d01b-4384-9ad5-2ad155d11b49","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(0.3333333333333333)","scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":1300,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]